Summary of Thucydides, The Melian Dialog. Summary of Machiavelli, Essay

Summary of Thucydides, The Melian Dialog. Summary of Machiavelli, Chapter 18 of the Prince - Essay Example Before this, the Athenians already had invaded an island Argos with a considerable amount of army and arrested their 300 men. Melos, like all the other islanders had refused the submissiveness towards the Athenians hence resulting in the revulsion from the Athenians empire. They were also offended by the Melian’s supportive towards the Sparta. They surrounded the Melos Island and before the attack they offered their options for the Melos, that if they surrender, then there should be no fight and the Athenians will not behead their men, and will bestow their and their loved ones’ lives. Athenian stated that they have ruled the place for so many years and they have the right to conquer and as Melian have never harmed them that’s why they are offering this great treaty of submission. Melians, unlike the Athenian representatives took a defensive stance towards the argument and asked another possibility of being a neutral friend between the Athenians and the Sparta. A thenian refused it, and said that their men think that as they were the warriors, it is their right to conquer the inferiors and subjugate others and if not done so, this will be considered as an act of shame and disgrace. Melians retorted by saying that, with such Athenian’s attitude, it reflects that any piece of land refuting the submission towards the Athenians would equivocally become the same as the Athenians as they refuse the Athenian’s governance over them. Then the discussion of God’s help flared up and with this Melian made their point that whatever the case may it is impossible for them to submit themselves, and give up the independence their men and women possessed for 700 years as this will be considered as the act of disgrace and shame from their side. They believed that their gods will bless them with success and often in a fight the chances of weak side depends upon the odds and the battle plan as well. Athenian representatives riposted that they appreciate

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Book Review - Essay Example Humanity is not only made with the capacity of free will, but also have a soul that brings humanity closer to attaining the perfection and intellectual design. This is not a new approach, but adds further scientific backing for the belief in God, but also introduces the notion of faith being driven by the science and genetics of mankind: â€Å"The power of myth lies beneath its literal interpretations, in the ability of its universal symbols and themes to connect us with the most essential parts of ourselves in ways that logic and reason alone cannot" This argument is that the reality of God is driven from human emotions and the biological make-up of the brain. However this does not mean that religion and God is in the mind of the believer; rather this view of religion is the extension of these subjective human emotions, i.e. they point to the reality of God in the individual’s mind but do not come from God. â€Å"Any idea might trigger a myth if it can unify logic and intuition, and lead to a state of left-brain / right-brain agreement. In this state of whole-brain harmony, neurological uncertainties are powerfully alleviated as existential opposites are reconciled and the problem of cause is resolved†. This scientific approach of Newberg gives a rational explanation of the long traditional of mystical thought, which has been scorned for its subjectivity. Rumi is an Islamic example of a mystic who supports the mystical union of the believer and God. This mystic approach was in response to the over rationalizing of mainstream Islamic thinker’s on the nature of God and enforcing rules on human’s (Rumi, 1996). Rumi’s approach is a personal approach to God and as Von Schlegell argues is â€Å"to correct the view of Sufism as "counter." [to legalistic] "culture." At the same time, as the work under review shows, efforts to de-mystify Sufism, and to portray it at work as but one among many social forces in Islamic history would be going too far in

Prisoners Of War In Japan Ww2 History Essay

Prisoners Of War In Japan Ww2 History Essay The Japanese attack against the United States in Pearl Harbor happened so quickly that most Americans were captured in the opening weeks of World War II. The Japanese captured a total of 140,000 American soldiers and held them in Japanese camps from 1942-1945. These prisoners were treated cruelly and inhumanely by their captors. In fact, more prisoners died in Japanese camps than did in German war camps. To prevent enemy soldiers from returning to their troops, the Japanese held prisoners of war in horrible camps throughout Japan, forced them to work in horrendous conditions, and treated them inhumanely. The living conditions the prisoners had to endure on the way to the camps was truly awful. When transported, the men were crammed into rusty old freighters and spent several nights in these hell ships (The POW Camps). The men on the ships had no room to move, were ill with dysentery and had very little food. Sometimes they were transported from one hell ship to another on their journeys to work camps. The camps were surrounded by barbed wire and closely guarded by Japanese soldiers (Wukovits 37). Prisoners of war slept in crowed barracks on mats (World War Two Japanese) and slept eight to thirteen prisoners to a room (Wukovits 37). Because the living conditions were so bad, the health conditions in the camps were also horrendous. In 1942, the Japanese decided that each prisoner would get fifteen ounces of rice or barley, a few vegetables and sometimes a few bits of meat each day (Wukovits 39). They suffered from starvation, malnutrition, ulcers and cholera (World War Two Japanese). 1-in-3 prisoners died from starvation, work, or diseases (World War Two Japanese). More prisoners died from disease and illness than from torture. The Japanese took no pity on the sick. If they were incapable of doing their assigned task because of their illness, they were made to do other jobs and their allotment of food was cut in half. Many men died because they were starved to death. One structure in each camp was known as the Zero Ward, because men who entered the ward with illness did not leave it alive (Wukovits 63). The prisoners of war were treated as slaves by the Japanese. In May 1942, the Japanese Prime Minister announced a no work- no food policy (Wukovits 39). They were forced to work in mines, fields, shipyards and factories (World War Two Japanese). Prisoners had to build bridges, dig ditches, garden and raise chickens. One of the most famous work assignments was the Burma-Thailand Railroad. Prisoners of war were forced to work side-by-side with Asian laborers to build the 260 mile railroad by hand. They worked from dawn until dusk moving earth and building bridges for 10 days straight (World War Two Japanese). They worked 16- hour days in 50-man teams cutting down trees, building roads and laying ties for the railroad (The POW Camps). Prisoners did not remain in the same areas for long. They were shipped off to various camps throughout Asia. A camp near Changi was the most notorious POW camp where prisoners who did not work were not fed (Trueman). In the beginning, the prisoners of Ch angi were not asked to do much and had plenty of food. However, in Easter of 1942 the Japanese changed their minds and formed work parties providing the men with very little food (Trueman). Many of the prisoners jobs were in conflict with the rules established by the Geneva Convention, but the Japanese did not care (La Forte, Marcello, and Himmel 115). The Japanese believed in Extreme Measures and treated the prisoners of war inhumanely. Japanese soldiers lived under the code of Bushido which involved complete obedience, bravery, honor and ultimate loyalty (Wukovits 14). The worst offense a Japanese soldier could commit was to surrender in battle. By this action he shamed his action and village, and his name would be removed from the towns registry (Wukovits 14). Therefore, American soldiers who surrendered were considered to have dishonored their country and were treated with contempt. Prisoners who tried to escape were killed either in groups or individually (Gevinson). The aim was to not allow a single escape, but to annihilate them all and not leave a single trace (Gevinson). One of the many difficulties the prisoners of war were faced with was the language barrier. The Japanese guards spoke very little English and prisoners were forced to learn Japanese to follow commands (World War Two Japanese). Those who did not follow com mands were beaten (Gevinson). Annelex Hofstra Layson in her memoirs of life in a World War II Japanese prison camp as a little girl said, The soldiers did a lot of arm waving and yellingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When we couldnt understand what they wanted us to do, the guards became angry. Their facial expressions would change, and they would start hitting and shoving people around. Even though no guard ever hurt me, I lived in constant fear that one would (41). Prisoners of war suffered horribly in Japanese camps during World War II. The living conditions were barbaric, because soldiers were forced to live in crowded barracks on mats. They suffered from starvation, diseases and malnutrition not only because of their living conditions, but because they were given very little to eat each day. Prisoners of war were forced to work side by side building a 260-mile railroad in 16 hour days doing hard labor with very little food (World War Two Japanese). Injured and sick prisoners were still made to work, but their food was restricted even more. The Japanese believed in a no work no food policy (Wukovits 39). The working conditions violated the laws of the Geneva Convention. Extreme measures were used by the Japanese with the prisoners of war, because they believed the soldiers were dishonoring their country by surrendering or being captured. The aim of the Japanese was not to allow any prisoners to escape. Their main goal was to eliminate all p risoners and not leave any traces of their existence. The Japanese did not speak any English and the soldiers spoke no Japanese, therefore they had difficulty following the commands and were beaten because of this. In conclusion, during World War II Japanese prisoners of war were held in appalling conditions, forced to work as slaves, and were treated inhumanely to prevent their return to their troops and to punish them for abandoning their country. Prisoners of War in Japan WW2

Girls and Selfie Culture: Empowering or Narcissistic? Essay -- self-est

Art, specifically the self-portrait, has evolved along with technology and social media. With the technological generation, the self portrait has become a selfie. But what sort of social implications come along with this new trend? Thesis Statement: Selfies give women and girls the power to represent themselves the way they wish to be seen, boost self-esteem, and could even shift the standard of beauty to something more realistic. How Selfies got Started In any art history class, there is one topic that is always covered: the self-portrait. All great artists from Leonardo Da Vinci to Jackson Pollock have immortalized themselves in the form of autobiographical portraiture. Female self portraits are specifically significant. Until the 20th century, women were rarely trained in the art of painting. Usually, the only female artists were the daughters of male artists. This was because it was necessary for apprentices of artists to live and work with the senior artist. Of course, it was socially unacceptable for a woman to live with a man to whom she was not married. Therefore, most portraits of women pre-20th century are not self portraits, but instead portraits painted by male painters. We can recognize these portraits by the fact that the subject’s gaze is never at the viewer, but rather to the side or downwards, due to the fact that women were not meant to look men in the eye. One female artist pre-20th century who created a famous self-portrait is Marie-Denise Villers. Her most famous painting, Young Woman Drawing, was once thought to be the work of Jacques-Louis David. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, â€Å"many paintings, especially portraits of young women, which were formerly attributed to Jacques Louis David or... ...pinto, Lauren. "Artist Selfies: Everybod'ys Doing It." Muddy Colors (blog), January 23, 2014. http://muddycolors.blogspot.com/2014/01/artist-selfies-everybodys-doing-it.html (accessed March 3, 2014). Ryan, Erin Gloria. "Selfies Aren't Empowering. The'yre a Cry for Help.." Jezebel (blog), November 21, 2013. http://jezebel.com/selfies-arent-empowering-theyre-a-cry-for-help-1468965365 (accessed March 1, 2014). Simmons, Rachel. "Selfies Are Good for Girls." Slate (blog), November 20, 2013. http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/11/selfies_on_instagram_and_facebook_are_tiny_bursts_of_girl_pride.html (accessed March 1, 2014). Winter, Jessica. "Selfie-loathing." Slate (blog), July 23, 2013. http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/07/instagram_and_self_esteem_why_the_photo_sharing_network_is_even_more_depressing.html (accessed March 1, 2014).

Psle

Should PSLE be scrapped off? What is PSLE? The Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) is basically an examination taken by Primary 6 students before they go onto their Secondary School education. As different Secondary Schools have different cut-off points based on the previous intake, schools with higher cut-off points are usually regarded as the better ones. Naturally, parents would prefer their child to get into a better school, as they believe that these schools will offer their children a better education.Other than PSLE, there is also other ways a student can get into their desired Secondary School such as the Direct School Admission (DSA). Students who are able to choose the DSA approach are usually more sports or art inclined. The Ongoing Debate Recently, many Singaporeans have considered PSLE as the ‘do or die’ examination. The reason is because parents are feeling too much pressure on account of the PSLE. Many parents want their children to get into brand na me schools, causing them to feel stressed and worried. â€Å"People take secondary school admission so very seriously. If I don't get into that school, then my kid has no chance in life',† said Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong. Mr Lee also mentioned that ‘every school is a good school’ so that they can get the pressure off the parents. However, not every parent in Singapore is pressurized by the fact that his or her children may not be able to get into a good Secondary School. Housewife Sandy Lee, 40, said she enrolled her son Zong Wei in Townsville Primary as she felt that the principal and teachers cared for the pupils. She is also not too worried about her son's PSLE results.She said: â€Å"I don't want to pressure him too much, as long as he can get into a secondary school. † And with this in mind, there is an ongoing debate on whether the PSLE should be abolished as it is causing too much stress on Singaporean students and parents as well. One of the The Straits Times' current affairs website readers asked if Singapore could reduce the reliance on exams, and even do away with the PSLE. This emerged among the top 10 most pressing questions that people wanted the Prime Minister to answer, according to a week-long poll on the website that drew over 21,000 votes.The stress that comes with PSLE is something that needs to be looked at, but scrapping the exam or tweaking the assessment criteria may not be the solution, said Senior Minister of State Lawrence Wong. My Personal Experience I’ve taken PSLE in the year 2007 and I have to admit that PSLE was pretty stressful for me. Every day after school, I had to go for supplementary lessons conducted by teachers till 5 to 6pm every day and then head home for dinner before revising again. During the weekends, I had to attend tuition and there was no playtime for me.I did that continuously for 4 to 5 months before PSLE. My parents have always supported me throughout that period of ti me and were always cheering me on. They have never given me any stress. Instead, they asked me to set a goal for myself and to ask myself, â€Å"What do I want in life? † After knowing what I want in life, everything felt like it was worth it and after PSLE ended I had 2 months of holiday just purely relaxing and enjoying myself as I felt like I gave my best and had no regrets.So, should PSLE be scrapped off? My personal opinion In my opinion, I think that PSLE is a very good way of gauging a student’s learning pace. A school with a lower cut-off point doesn’t mean that it is a bad school; it’s just a school for students with a slower learning pace. The main problem with PSLE is the stress that it's causing for students and I believe that it is because many students are just like the me I was back then, learning what it feels like to be stressed for the first time.In life, everything has its first time and if a student is not able to deal with the stress from PSLE, he or she will never be able to deal with the stress in Secondary School. Hence, I strongly believe that PSLE should not be scrapped off. Conclusion Let the students taking PSLE work towards a goal set by themselves and not their parents. This way, students will drive themselves towards it. And after all of it, it’ll be worthwhile. Reference: Chia, S & Toh, K. (2012, September 22).Scrapping PSLE Not The Solution: Lawrence Wong. Ministry of Education, Singapore: Education in the News. Retrieved on November 18, 2012 from http://www. moe. gov. sg/media/news/2012/09/scrapping-psle-not-the-solutio. php Au Yong, J. (2012, 27 September). PSLE stays but needs relook: PM. The Straits Times. Retrieved November 18, 2012 from Factiva Database. Goh, C. L. (2012, 17 November). PSLE not the be-all and end-all: PM. The Straits Times. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from Factiva Database.

Characteristic of Good Co-Worker Essay

When you work at a company, your colleagues obviously constitute an important factor that conduce to an interesting or horrible job. As far as I’m concerned, a great colleague is an enthusiastic, responsible, and friendly person. To begin with, I believe that an enthusiastic worker will not only accomplish his or her tasks quickly but also be able to foster other people who collaborate with him or her . This is because when I was previously working in a software development team, one of my teammates always showed zeal for our projects. He agreed to do every tasks that team leader gave to. In addition, he normally finished the tasks earlier than other co-workers. This resulted in that other people in the team including me were encouraged by his great enthusiasm. We tried our best to work and complete our tasks as soon as possible. Our projects, therefore, were usually accomplished before deadline. Secondly, how do you work with irresponsible co-workers? My brother, who work in a bank, usually complains about his colleagues. Since they usually leave their position during working hours for personal activities, they don’t fulfill their tasks, hence my brother have to help them to carry out their ones. Consequently, for me, being responsible is always considered to be a vital trait that every co-workers needs to possess. Last but not least, friendly co-workers will create a friendly and comfortable working atmosphere that can increase the interest of employees in their job. For example, I was pressurized greatly into doing my projects one year ago. However, by communicating with friendly colleagues, I felt more relaxed and was able to perform the project completely. Furthermore, since we are friendly people, our team are capable of collaborating more efficiently. Thus, our projects are usually finished quickly. In conclusion, although I have not had many chances to work with various people yet, there may be more other characteristics to define a great colleague. However, I believe that a person who possesses enthusiastic, responsible and friendly qualities is definitely a great colleague.

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essays

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essays Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essay Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay Essay There are past literature reappraisals related to work and household struggle, but barely any reappraisal which gives a speedy overview of work and household research in planetary context. This paper outlines both the positive and negative results associated with work and household interface, theoretical theoretical accounts related to work and household research, ancestors and effects of work and household interface, importance of subjects in work and household survey and future deductions of work and household interface. Introduction In the twenty-first century it is a challenge for many working households to keep a balance between work and household. The increased engagement of married adult females in the labor force has led to a turning realisation that work and household spheres are extremely mutualist. Duxbury and Higgins ( 1991 ) reported that due to the increasing prevalence of double bread-winner households and individual working parents, workers are confronting more challenges in run intoing the demands of work and household. Issues of work and household have ever been a portion of our life. Lopata and Norr ( 1980 ) suggest that work and household issues have gained greater importance because the stereotyped life-course form is altering and more flexible options are available. Killien, Habermann, and Jarrett ( 2001 ) reported that in more than 50 % of all married twosomes in United States of America, both spouses work outside the place. In the western and double earner twosomes are the norm today, stand foring 54 % of married twosomes in the U.S. in 2001 ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 ) . The intervention of the place and work sphere has been identified as one of the 10 major stressors in the work topographic point ( Kelloway, Gottlieb, A ; Barham, 1999 ) . The spillover from work and household can be negative or positive and is bi-directional ; it involves the transportation of temper and behavior from one sphere ( place or workplace ) to the other ( Almeida, Wethington, A ; Chandler, 1999 ; Bromet, Dew, A ; Parkinson, 1990 ) . Work can be really of import and can hold positive effects for people ( e.g. Rothbard, 2001 ) . A balanced life can give multiple beginnings of satisfaction ( Baruch A ; Barnett, 1893 ) , and can supply many people with societal support, chances for increased self-efficacy and an expanded frame of mention ( Barnett A ; Hyde, 2001 ) . If the workers are unable to do the balance between work and household functions, the potency for struggle between the functions additions ( Frone, Russell, A ; Cooper, 1992a ; Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) . Work and household struggle is emerging as a research subject because there have been important alterations in the societal constructs of gender, parentage and work individuality ( Beach, 1989 ) . Work and Family from the Conflict and Balance Perspective Voydanoff ( 2004b ) reported that work and household struggle and work household balance are independent concepts instead than opposite terminals of a individual continuum. Work and household struggle is based on the rule of scarceness theory. The scarceness theory of human energy assumes that personal resources of clip, energy, and attending are fixed. The scarceness hypothesis besides suggests that the multiple functions necessarily cut down the clip and energy available to run into all function demands, therefore making strain ( Goode, 1960 ) and work-family struggle ( Marks, 1977 ) . Work and household struggle has been defined as a signifier of interrole struggle in which function force per unit areas from the work and household spheres are reciprocally incompatible in some regard ( Greenhaus A ; Beutell, 1985, p.77 ; Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) . Work and household struggle occurs when the demands of work are in inharmoniousness with the demands of household ( Bruck, Allen A ; Spector, 2002 ) . Boundaries of work and household are unsymmetrically permeable, such that work interferes with household life and household life interferes with work ( Eagel, Miles A ; Icenogle, 1997 ; Frone, Russell A ; Cooper, 1992b ) . The mutual exclusivenesss between the two functions are based on the three different signifiers of work and place struggle: clip based, strain based and behaviors based ( Greenhaus A ; Beutell, 1985 ) . Time based struggle occurs when the clip demanded by the household puts force per unit area on work and the clip demanded at work take away from passing quality clip with the household. Parasuraman, Purohit, Godshalk, and Beutell ( 1996 ) hypothesized that committednesss of clip represent an of import cause of work and household struggle ( WFC ) . This hypothesis is based on the position that clip is a limited resource. If a individual devotes his clip to a given function e.g. work, the less clip that individual has to run into the househo ld function. Strain based struggle occur when emphasis from one sphere displacements to another sphere. Bartolome and Evans ( 1979 ) explained strain based struggle as the extent to which an person preoccupied with one function ( e.g. household ) stressed person trying to run into the demands of another function ( e.g. work ) . Behaviour based struggle occurs when behavior makes it hard to carry through the demands in another function. Behaviour based struggle refers to the show of specific behaviours in one sphere that are incongruous with coveted behaviours within the 2nd sphere, where norms and function outlooks in one country of life are in- compatible with those required in the other sphere ( O Driscoll, Brough, A ; Kalliath, 2006, p. 118 ) . Several research workers acknowledge that the way of struggle is an indispensable component and that both work-to- household and family-to-work struggle demand to be identified ( e.g. , Frone, Russell, A ; Cooper, 1997 ; Higgins A ; Du xbury, 1992 ) . WFC was originally operationalized as an uni-dimensional concept ( Kopelman, Greenhaus, A ; Connolly, 1983 ) . The recent surveies by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams ( 2000 ) and Frone et Al. ( 1992, 1997 ) have explained that work household struggle is a multidimentional construct work can interfere household ; ( WIF ) every bit good as household can interfere work ; ( FIW ) . Frone ( 2003 ) reported a four dimensional theoretical account of work-family balance, that is way of influence between work and household functions ( i.e. work-to-family and household to work ) and type of consequence ( conflict versus facilitation ) . The surveies by Aryee, Luk, Leung and Lo ( 1999 ) ; Frone, ( 2003 ) ; Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian ( 1996 ) and Williams and Alliger, ( 1994 ) reported that the prevalence of WIF struggle is greater than FIW struggle. A survey by Roehling, Moen, and Batt ( 2003 ) reported that household life enhances work life to a greater grade than work life enhances household life. Marks ( 1977 ) ( besides see Sieber, 1974 ) proposed a theoretical option to the scarceness theory, which he called the function enlargement theory. The function enlargement theory Marks proposed assumed that human energy is abundant and engagement in one function could besides hold a positive consequence on the other function. The possible benefits of prosecuting in both work and household functions have mostly been overlooked ( Brockwood, Hammer, A ; Neal, 2003 ; Hanson, Colton, A ; Hammer, 2003 ) . The footings work and household enrichment , positive spillover , work and household sweetening and work and household facilitation are used for the positive relationship between work and household. Work and household facilitation is a signifier of synergism in which resources associated with one function enhance or do engagement in the other function easier ( Voydanoff, 2004a ) . Better operation of both work and household adds a more positive expression at the interaction betwee n work and place, leting for the possibility of synergism between work and place ( Zedeck, 1992 ) . ODriscoll ( 1996 ) examined the procedures of function sweetening where multiple functions energize the persons and give them more satisfaction in work and household functions. In add-on, employees today are more likely to show a strong desire to hold a harmonious balance between work and household ( Offermann A ; Gowing, 1990 ; Zedeck A ; Mosier, 1990 ) . Barnett and Hyde ( 2001 ) besides proposed an expansionist theory of work and household and they explained several benefits of uniting multiple functions. They stated that multiple functions give benefits such as added income, more beginnings of societal support, greater ego complexness and more shared experiences between work forces and adult females. The success in one function can buffer failure in another function. The thought of an interaction between work and household comes from statistical theoretical accounts where two effects combine to supply something that is greater than would hold been predicted from either one alone ( Halpern A ; Murphy, 2005, p. 4 ) . Research has besides found a modest positive correlativity between work and household committedness ( Marks A ; MacDermid, 1996 ) . The exchange theory of Pittman ( 1994 ) defines work-family tantrum as an appraisal of the balance between the domains and may be considered the acceptableness to the multidimensional exchange between a household and work organisation ( p. 135 ) . Pittman referred to work-family tantrum as an appraisal of balance between work and household. There are many empirical surveies that have copiously examined work-home struggle, whereas there have been fewer surveies on positive work-home interaction ( Geurts A ; Demerouti, 2003 ) . At the same clip, there are few instruments available to mensurate work and household balance than work and household struggle ( Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, A ; Grzywacz, 2006 ) . Subsequently in this paper I discuss work and household from the scarceness theory position in more item. Theoretical Models related to Work and Family Research Research workers have proposed a several ways in which the work and household spheres may be linked ( Edwards A ; Rothbard, 2000 ; Lambert, 1990 ) . Earlier work and household research were based on three popular hypotheses ( Cohen, 1997 ) : segregation ( cleavage ) , compensation, and spillover. Segregation refers to the separation of work and household in which there is no systematic connexion between work and household functions ( Edwards A ; Rothbard, 2000 ) . Segregation besides refers to the separation of work and household from the psychological, physical, temporal and functional point of position, and suggests that this is the best manner to maintain a boundary between work and household ( Lambert, 1990 ) . Compensation refers to the negative relationship between the work and household function. If a individual is dissatisfied in one function of life, it offsets satisfaction in another ( Burke A ; Greenglass, 1987 ) . Spillover can be seen in footings of work and household temper, value, accomplishments, and behavior spillover. The spillover theoretical account of work and household refers to the positive and negative feelings, attitudes and behaviours that might emerge in one sphere and are carried over into the other ( Googins, 1991, p. 9 ) . Kabanoff and O Brien ( 1980 ) have expanded the spillover and compensation hypothesis by analysing the work and household activities in five dimensions ( liberty, assortment, skill use, force per unit area and societal interaction ) . A comprehensive theoretical account of the work-family interface was developed and tested by Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) . This theoretical account introduced a major alteration in the theories of work and household struggle. The theoretical account extended anterior research by explicitly separating between work interfering with household and household interfering with work. This differentiation allowed testing of hypothesis refering the alone ancestors and results of both signifiers of work-family struggle and the mutual relationship between them. Frone et Al. ( 1997 ) developed an integrative theoretical account of the work-family interface. This theoretical account extends anterior work by Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) . Although this present theoretical account adopts the differentiation between WIF and FIW, several of import alterations have been incorporated. First, a more expressed effort is made to pattern the mutual ( i.e. , feedback ) dealingss between work and household life. Second, a differentiation is drawn between proximal and distal forecasters of work-family struggle. Third, the dealingss between work-family struggle and function related affect have been differentiated into prognostic and outcome dealingss. Finally, function related behaviour and behavioural purposes have been explicitly incorporated into the theoretical account. Bronfenbrenner ( 1989 ) developed an ecological systems theory which stands in contrast to the person, deterministic position of the structural-functionalist function theory. The ecological systems theory suggests that the work-family experience is a joint map of procedure, individual, context and clip features. Ecological theory suggests that each type of characteristic exerts an linear, and potentially synergistic, consequence on the work-family experience. Research workers have used this model to steer the survey of work-family struggle ( e.g. , Grzywacz, 2000 ; Hammer, Bauer, A ; Grandey, 2003 ; Voydanoff, 2002 ) . From the position of ecological systems theory, work, community and household are microsystems dwelling of webs of face-to-face relationships ( Bronfenbrenner, 1989 ) . When two or more microsystems are interrelated, such as work, household and community, the procedures linking them organize two types of mesosystems. In one manner, we can happen direct relationships w ithin one or more microsystems. The relationship within the work, household and community may be positive or negative, unidirectional or mutual. From another position, we can see the combined consequence of these microsystems on single, community and work outcomes. Grzywacz and Marks ( 2000 ) examined the work and household interface utilizing the ecological systems theory. They found four dimensions in the experience of the work and household interface: negative work-to-family spillover, negative household to work spillover, positive work to household spillover and positive household to work spillover. Besides, they reported that the ecological resources at work ( i.e. determination latitude, colleague and supervisor support ) and household ( i.e. partner and household support ) were associated with lower degrees of negative spillover and higher degree of positive work-family spillover. They besides found that ecological barriers at work ( i.e. work force per unit area ) and househ old ( i.e. spouse dissension and household unfavorable judgment load ) was associated with higher degrees of negative work-family spillover. Senecal, Vallerand and Guay ( 2001 ) proposed and tested a theoretical account of work-family struggle based on the Self-Determination Theory and the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Persons who perform an activity out of pick and pleasance regulate their behavior in a self-determined mode. Persons besides do activities out of internal and external force per unit areas, which regulate their behaviour in a non-self-determined manner ( Deci A ; Ryan, 1985 ; 1991 ) . The theoretical account posits that positive interpersonal factors both at work ( i.e. one s employer ) and at place ( e.g. one s partner ) influence work and household motive. But low degrees of self-determined motive towards the two life contexts ( work and household ) facilitate the experience of household disaffection, which leads to work-family struggle. Finally, work-family struggle leads to feelings of emotional exhaustion. Consequences from structural equation patterning supported this theo retical account. Although the theoretical account was supported by informations from both work forces and adult females, some sex differences were uncovered at the average degree. Voydanoff ( 2002 ) proposed a conceptual theoretical account that links the work-family interface to work, household and single results through several interceding mechanisms. First, the work-family interface is related to a cognitive appraisal of work and household struggle, function balance or function sweetening. This relationship may be moderated by societal classs and get bying resources. The appraisal of struggle, balance or sweetening can ensue in either work-family function strain or work-family function easiness. Then, depending on the extent of strain or easiness, persons and households pursue assorted work-family adaptative schemes designed to better or ease accommodation to assorted facets of work and household interface. The success of these schemes is indicated by the extent of sensed work-family tantrum. Work-family tantrum is related straight to work, household and single results. Last, work-family adaptative schemes are proposed as holding feedback effects on the wor k household interface. Boundary theory ( Ashforth, Kreiner, A ; Fugate, 2000 ; Nippert-Eng, 1996 ) and Border theory ( Clark, 2000 ; Michelson A ; Johnson, 1997 ) province that each one of a individual s functions takes topographic point within a specific sphere of life, and these that spheres are separated by boundary lines that may be physical, temporal, or psychological ( Ashforth et al. 2000 ; Clark, 2000 ) . Boundary/border theory specifically addresses the issue of traversing boundary lines between spheres. Although this theory is relevant to all spheres of life, its most common application is to the spheres of place and work. Harmonizing to the boundary/border theory, the flexibleness and permeableness of the boundaries between people s work and household lives will impact the degree of integrating, the easiness of passages, and the degree of struggle between these spheres ( Ashforth et al. 2000 ; Clark, 2000 ; Nippert-Eng, 1996 ) . Loy and Frenkel ( 2005 ) present social cultural theoretical accounts of work and household. They explained that social civilizations vary by race, ethnicity, societal category, and part. They explained that although the figure of dual-earner households has risen in all industrialised states states, the households vary in the ways they address work-family struggle, in portion, due to differences in social civilizations. Acknowledging the importance of cultural theoretical accounts of gender, work and household has effects for the building of provinces and organisational policies. Hobfoll ( 1989 ) developed the preservation of resources ( COR ) theoretical account. Harmonizing to this theoretical account persons seek to get and keep resources including objects, personal features, conditions and energies. Stress occurs when there is a loss of resources or a menace of loss. The COR theoretical account proposes that work and household struggle leads to emphasize because resources ( e.g. , clip and energy ) are lost in the procedure of beguiling both work and household functions p. 352 ) . Grandey and Cropanzano ( 1999 ) argue that the preservation of resources theoretical account is an betterment over function theory. Until late, work and household research workers have relied chiefly upon function theory ( Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, A ; Rosenthal, 1964 ) . Harmonizing to the COR theoretical account function theory has some restrictions because it has paid less attending to household functions. On the other manus, the COR theoretical account encompasses seve ral emphasis theories, and explains stress results for both intra and interrole emphasis. The single difference variables in emphasis forms are besides included in the COR theoretical account and treated as resources. Finally, the COR theoretical account besides provides an extra penetration that has non been widely considered in WFC literature. The theoretical account has emphasis on threatened resources and suggests that certain critical events are the beginning of emphasis as good. The Grandey and Cropanzano ( 1999 ) survey is the lone survey which has tested the application of the COR theoretical account to work and household research. An extended organic structure of research is based on theories of function strain and function sweetening and addresses the effects of executing multiple functions ( in the household and the work topographic point ) . Harmonizing to function theoreticians, a function is a set of activities or behaviours that others expect an single to execute ( Kahn et al. 1964 ) . Therefore, an addition in functions gives rise to an addition in function struggle. Role emphasis theory proposes that the greater the function accretion, the greater the demands and function mutual exclusiveness and the greater the function struggle and strain ( Burr, Leigh, Day, A ; Constantine, 1979 ; Goode, 1960 ) . Role struggle is defined as the coincident happening of two ( or more ) sets of function force per unit areas such that conformity with one would do more hard the conformity with the other ( Kahn et al. 1964, p. 19 ) . At the same clip a figure of empirical surveies support function sweetening theory ( e .g. , Barnet and Hyde, 2001 ; Waldron, Weiss, A ; Sieber, 1974 ) . After the development of all the above-named theoretical accounts in work and household, Carlson et Al. ( 2000 ) proposed a six-dimensional theoretical account of work and household struggle. Their theoretical account include three signifiers of struggle ( clip based, strain based and behavior based struggle ) and two waies of struggle ( WIF and FIW ) which consequences in a six-dimensional theoretical account of work and household struggle ( see figure 1 ) . Figure1. ( Beginning: Carlson, Kacmar, A ; Williams, 2000, p. 251 ) . Explain the theoretical account describe Ancestors and Consequences of Work and Family Jacobs and Gerson ( 2001 ) reported that the huge addition in working female parents, individual parents and double earner twosomes means that more workers than of all time are trying to equilibrate work and household life. As a consequence, the bulk of working parents feel that they have a deficit of clip to carry through their multiple life functions ( Hochschild, 1997 ) . Research workers have considered a figure of different variables as possible ancestors of WIF and FIW. Consistent with the categorization strategy of Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, and Brinley ( 2005 ) sing ancestors of work-family struggle, ancestors can be classified into three classs: work sphere variables, non-work sphere variables, and single and demographic variables. Work sphere variables and work and household struggle There are more surveies analyzing the work sphere as forecasters of WFC than the household sphere as forecasters of FWC. WIF interaction has been given more research attending than that given to FIW interaction ( Eagle, Miles, A ; Icenogle, 1997 ; Higgins A ; Duxbury, 1992 ) . Job demands, occupation control and societal support were the most discussed ancestors of work. The Job Demand- Control ( JDC ) theoretical account reported two important occupation facets in the work state of affairs: occupation demands and occupation control ( Karasek, 1979 ) . In the 1980s, a societal dimension was added to this theoretical account and called occupation demand-control and support ( JDCS ) theoretical account. Job demands refer to the work burden, and have been operationalized chiefly in footings of clip force per unit area and function struggle ( Karasek, 1985 ) . The cardinal constituent of occupation demand is the undertaking s mental work load and the mental watchfulness or rousing need ed to transport out the undertaking. Three types of occupation demands are included in this theory: clip demands, supervising demands and job work outing demands ( Karasek A ; Theorell, 1990, p. 63 ) . The occupation features mentioned by the demands, control and support theoretical accounts have been reported in a figure of work and household surveies ( e.g. , Grzywacz A ; Butler, 2005 ; Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; ODriscoll, Ilgen, A ; Hildreth, 1992 ; Pal A ; Saksvik, 2006 ; 2008 ) . Employees who had higher occupation demand, lower occupation control and less societal support were more likely to see high degrees of work-family struggle ( Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; Pleck, Staines, A ; Lang, 1980 ) . At the same clip, there are many surveies focused on working hours, long hours of work, long yearss and the relation to WFC ( Carlson A ; Perrewe, 1999 ; Grzywacz A ; Marks, 2000 ; Keith A ; Schafer, 1980 ; Pleck, et Al. 1980 ; Reich, 2000 ) . A natural decision is that those who work long hours and yearss are non able to give clip to the household. The mean figure of hours a twosome worked in America in 1997 was ten hours a hebdomad more than the mean twosome in 1970 ( Jacobs A ; Gerson, 1998 ) . Toterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, and Folkard ( 1995 ) reported that employees who work in different displacements reported work and household struggle because displacement work leads to kip perturbation and interferes with societal life. Demerouti, Geurts, Bakker and Euwema ( 2004 ) , in a survey on military constabulary, reported that fixed non twenty-four hours shifts including weekends ( i.e. , during extremely valuable times ) should be avoided in order to minimise the struggle between work and household. Length and troubles of the commute to and from work has besides been shown to be related to WIF struggle ( Bohen A ; Viveros-Long, 1981 ; Pleck et Al. 1980 ) . The resettlement of work besides gives rise to negative work and household effects ( Munton , 1990 ) . Management support and acknowledgment ( Burke, 1988 ; Love, Galinsky, A ; Hughes, 1987 ) , the degrees of work function assigned to work functions ( Greenhaus and Kopelman, 1981 ; Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1987 ) , function overload at work ( Bacharach et al. , 1991 ) , and persons extremely involved in work ( Frone et al. 1992a ; Greenhaus, Parasuraman, Granrose, Rabinowitz A ; Beutell, 1989 ; Hammer, Allen, A ; Grigsby, 1997 ) are besides of import factors related to WIF struggle. Job insecurity or concern over losing one s occupation is a strain based demand that threatens the economic wellbeing necessary for the stableness and quality of household life. The emphasis associated with occupation insecurity reduces interpersonal handiness and bounds effectual engagement in household life. One survey reported that occupation insecurity is positively related to WFC for work forces and adult females ( Batt A ; Valcour, 2003 ) , whereas another survey found this relation ship for adult females but non for work forces ( Kinnunen A ; Mauno, 1998 ) . Several surveies besides reported a important relationship between WFC and occupation satisfaction ( Coverman, 1989 ; Rice, Frone, A ; Mcfarlin, 1992 ) . Organizational committedness is another work-related variable that has been studied in association with WFC. Netemeyer et Al. ( 1996 ) ; Good et al. , ( 1998 ) and ODriscoll et Al. ( 1992 ) found that as WFC increases, the organisational committedness lessenings. Greater degrees of WFC are associated with increased purposes to go forth the organisation ( Grandey A ; Cropanzano, 1999 ; Good et Al. 1988 ) . Wayne, Musica and Fleeson ( 2004 ) and Grandey, Cordeiro, and Crouter ( 2005 ) proposed that imputing the beginning of the work and household struggle to the work sphere is associated with decreased satisfaction with the work function, whereas imputing it to the household sphere contributes to take down matrimonial quality. Research suggests that a supportive organisational civilization, supervisor, or wise man is by and large good in cut downing WFC. Several surveies have found that work support ( Carlson A ; Perrewe, 1999 ; Greenhaus et Al. 1987 ; Thompson, Beauvais, A ; Lyness, 1999 ) , the handiness of work-family benefits ( Thompson et al. , 1999 ) , holding a wise man ( Nielson et al. 2001 ) , having more function mold and overall wise man support ( Nielson et al. 2001 ) , and holding a wise man who was perceived as holding similar work-family values ( Nielson et al. , 2001 ) are related to less WFC. At the same clip, occupation satisfaction buffers the relationship between hours spent assisting parents and psychological hurt for female parents ( Voydanoff A ; Donnelly, 1999 ) . Having a flexible work agendas is ranked as the most valuable benefit option for employees ( Allen, 2001 ) . Family sphere variables and household and work struggle Numerous surveies have examined features of the household sphere as forecasters of WFC and household engagement as adversely influenced by work-related concerns ( Burke A ; Greenglass, 1987 ) . Research into WIF struggle and FIW struggle ancestors in the household sphere has found positive linkages between WIF struggle and FIW struggle and matrimonial position ( Herman A ; Gyllstrom, 1977 ) , size and developmental phase of the household ( Herman A ; Gyllstrom, 1977 ; Keith A ; Schafer, 1980 ) , degree of importance assigned to household functions ( Greenhaus A ; Parasuraman, 1987 ) , household stressors ( parental work load, extent of kids s misbehaviour, deficiency of partner support, and the grade of tenseness in the matrimonial relationship ) and household engagement ( Frone et al. 1992a ) . Negative relationships were found between WIF struggle and partner and household support ( Bruke, 1988 ; Greenhaus A ; Kopelman, 1981 ) . Indeed, Suchet and Barling ( 1986 ) found groun ds for partner support as a moderator of WIF. A survey by Higgins and Duxbury ( 1992 ) which revealed that males in double calling twosomes ( that is, male breadwinner and fulltime homemaker ) found WFC related to life satisfaction. Surveies by Bedeian, Burke and Moffett ( 1988 ) ; Greenhaus, Bedeian and Mossholder ( 1987 ) , and Parasuraman et Al. ( 1989 ) found that WFC was strongly related to quality of life. Some surveies that take into history the bi-directional nature of work-home interventions suggest that place features are more likely to further home-work intervention. For illustration, Frone et Al. ( 1992a ) have shown that whereas occupation stressors were positively related to work work interferes with household , household stressors ( e.g. parental work load and deficiency of partner support ) were positively related to family interfering with work . They even argue that the positive relationships between household stressors and WHI suggested and documented in old res earch ( e.g. Burke, 1988 ; Kopelman et al. 1983 ; Voydanoff, 1988 ) are, in fact, indirect relationships through family interferes with work . Individual and demographic variables Gender, matrimonial position and age are often described as the most of import demographic features act uponing work and household. Byron ( 2005 ) found that demographic variables tend were weak forecasters of WIF and FIW ; although they did tended to hold indirect effects on WIF and FIW. This coincides with recent theory that supports the usage of societal classs as moderators in the work-family literature ( Voydanoff, 2002 ) . In general, being male appears to worsen any negative effects of household sphere ancestors, such as household emphasis, household struggle, figure of kids, and matrimonial position, related to work-family struggle. Paradoxically, females tend to bask greater protective benefits from those ancestors, such as flexible work agendas, and, to some extent supportive households, which lessen the experience of interventions. One s life phases besides influence work and household struggle ( Barnett, Gareis, James, A ; Steele, 2003 ) . A survey by Burke and Greenglass ( 1999 ) found that age is positively related to work-family struggle. Grazywacs and Marks ( 2000 ) examined the effects of age on the experience of positive and negative work and household interaction. They found that immature work forces reported more negative spillover between work and household and less positive spillover between household to work than older work forces, while younger adult females reported more positive spillover from work to household, and more negative spillover from household to work than did older adult females. Personality should besides be given greater consideration in understanding how an single positions and experience multiple life functions ( Carlson, 1999 ; Wayne et Al. 2004 ) . Friede and Ryan ( 2005 ) discuss the function of personality in construing work and household. Behavior based struggle is besides linked to the personality of an person and is one of the chief forecasters of WFC. Carlson ( 1999 ) reported that it occurs when there is mutual exclusiveness between the behaviours at either the work topographic point or the place. Personality can act upon the existent type and sum of work and household function demands that an single experiences his or her, perceptual experience of work and household function demands and the attack to work and household interface. There is the demand for a greater acknowledgment of single differences in work and household theorizing. Some may disregard this because of a concern that concentrating on single differences, such as personality, is non a cardinal influence of work and household struggle and work and household sweetening. But this may take to sing jobs in work and life reconciliation as single duty, with small or no answerability on the portion of the house or of social establishments ( Friede A ; Ryan, 2005, p. 204 ) . Emotional stableness ( Kinnunen, Vermulst, Gerris, A ; Makikangas, 2003 ) and self esteem ( Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2003 ) are besides linked to the work-family struggle. Finally, research workers discovered that interpersonal fond regard manners ( Sumer A ; Knight, 2001 ) , and psychological engagement in work and household functions ( Adams, King, A ; King, 1996 ; Frone et Al. 1992a ) are linked to work and household struggle. Importance research Topics in Work and Family Study Gender and work-family interface- Gender refers to the set of culturally expected personality, behaviour, and attitude properties associated with being male or female in any given society. Much gendering takes topographic point in the context of household, where the feminine societal ideals are what makes a good female parent or a good girl or a good married woman, and the masculine societal ideals are reflected in impressions of the ideal male parent or the ideal hubby ( Simon, 1995 ) . The literature on gender, work and household reveals that a gender difference is found when construing work and household. Women experience more work and household struggle than work forces. Hochschild ( 1989 ) reported that adult females typically spend more combined clip on work and household activities than work forces. Grzywacz, Almeida, and McDonald ( 2002 ) examined relationships between instruction, gender, ethnicity, and the figure of kids under age 6 old ages of age in the family. They found that adult females reported higher degrees of facilitation than work forces, whereas other demographic features did non demo statistically important relationships with facilitation. The survey by Bond, Galinsky and Swanberg ( 1998 ) on gender and WFC reported that adult females with traditional gender function attitude reported more work and household struggle than adult females with less traditional attitudes. Among double earner twosomes, adult females experience higher degree of work and household struggle than work forces, peculiarly when they are responsible for immature kids ( Marshall A ; Barnett, 1993 ; Roehling, Moen, A ; Batt, 2003 ) . Now it seems that there are new theoretical aspects in gender, work and household research. Most of the surveies indicate that work forces and adult females see a similar degree of work and household struggle ( Bedeian, Bruke, A ; Moffett, 1998 ; Duxbury A ; Higgins, 1991 ; Frone A ; Rice, 1987 ; Kinnunen A ; Mauno, 1998 ; K innunen, Geurts, A ; Mauno, 2004 ) . A transverse cultural survey by Pal and Saksvik ( 2006 ) reported no gender difference among Norse and Indian physicians and nurses in construing work and household. Flexible work agreements and work household interface flexible work agreements have been of import for work-family surveies because work and household demand is a important cause of interrole struggle, as defined by Greenhaus and Beutell ( 1985 ) . Working hours are going longer for many people. In a national study in Britain, 42 % of employees reported that they ever or frequently leave the workplace in a province of exhaustion, and a farther 48 % said they sometimes do so ( societal Tendencies , 1999 ) . Long on the job hours are besides related to stress-related unwellness ( Sparks, Cooper, Fried, A ; Shirom, 1997 ) .The rise in long working hours has been turning among members of double earner and particularly professional dual-career households, and clip force per unit area from work are peculiarly intense during the life rhythm phase that includes the kid rise uping old ages ( Brannen A ; Moss, 1998 ) . Several surveies assumed there will be a nexus between long work hours and negative results. In the last few old ages at that place has been a large alteration in the research on line working hours and its negative results. The surveies by Hyde, DeLamater, and Durik ( 1998 ) and Pal and Saksvik, ( 2006 ) found no negative results between long work hours and WFC. Absenteeism and work household interface- WFC has been related to of import single and organisational results, such as absenteeism ( Goff, Mount, A ; Jamish, 1990 ; MacEwen A ; Barling, 1994 ) . Cousins and Tang ( 2004 ) compared the on the job clip flexibleness and work household struggle in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. They found that the experience of equilibrating work and household life in the different states yield some surprising and self-contradictory consequence. In the Netherlands and Sweden there is statutory norm of 40 hours per hebdomad for male workers. In the UK, there is much less of a extremum at 40 hours, alternatively, the dominant form is that of short hours for adult females and long-hours for work forces . Further, it is noticeable that one tierce of work forces and two fifths of the male parents in UK work more than the threshold of 48 hours per hebdomad specified in the applicable EU working clip directive. Psychosocial work environment and work and household interface- The psychosocial work environment refers to occupation demands, occupation control and work topographic point societal support. Several empirical surveies support the premise that occupation demands and deficiency of work topographic point societal support create negative impact on work and household ( Geurts et al. 1999 ; Hughes, Zalinsky, A ; Morris, 1992 ) . There are few surveies which focus on the cultural differences in construing the psychosocial work environment and WFC ( e.g. , Janssen, Peeters, de Jonge, Houkes, A ; Tummers, 2004 ; Pal A ; Saksvik, 2006 ) . There is a demand of more culture-and-profession-specific research on the psychosocial work environment and WFC. At the same clip, we can believe about the support people get from household and how it helps in cut downing work and household struggle. The survey of Parasuraman, Singh and Greenhaus ( 1997 ) reported that supportive household members allow p ersons to work longer hours and avail themselves of more calling development chances. Cross-cultural position and work and household interface- In the twenty-first century analyzing work and household struggle from a cross cultural position is progressively of import. Hofstede ( 1980 ) explained that persons in different civilizations have been found to keep different values, beliefs and societal outlooks. Yang, Chen, Choi, and Zou ( 2000 ) gave a good illustration of how collectivized civilizations and people from individualistic civilization position work and household. They compared American and Chinese samples and reported that American employees experience greater household demands than the Chinese employees. The household demand had greater impact on work-family struggle in the United States than in China, whereas work demand had a greater impact on work-family struggle in China than in the United States. They besides found that giving household clip for work in China is viewed as selflessness for the benefit of the household or as a short term cost incurred to derive long term benefits, nevertheless in the United States giving household clip for work is frequently perceived as a failure to care for important others in one s life ( Yang et al. 2000, p. 120 ) . Peoples from collectivized civilizations may see work chiefly in footings of procuring household wellbeing while people from individualistic civilizations may see work to be one of the chief beginnings of ego -actualization ( Yang et al. 2000 ) . Future Directions for Work-Family Research Most of the work-family research predicted work-family struggle ( Barnett, 1996 ) . However, now is the clip to believe more about work household balance and how to better balance work and household life for double earner twosomes. Most past research reported that work and household facilitation is merely merely the absence of work and household struggle. But the findings of Grzywacz and Marks ( 2000 ) gave a new way to the work and household facilitation research by saying that it is of import to analyze both the advantages and the disadvantages of work and household functions. Besides, small attending has been placed on developing or proving theoretical theoretical accounts of the work-family interface ( Kanungo A ; Misra, 1984 ; Voydanoff, 1988 ; Zedeck, 1992 ) . More common are surveies that rely on old research findings to develop hypotheses or discourse assorted theories to border study anticipations without really proving specific theories or jointing why peculiar relationshi p are expected based on theories. Research on the interconnectednesss among work, community, and household is still in its early phases. We can cognize more about work and household interface by adding community as a context for work-family function coordination. Communities may both aid and impede the attempts of work organisations, households, and persons to heighten work-family integrating. More research on work-family policies is needed to do employees aware of their work environments and their benefits. Eaton ( 2003 ) found that the perceptual experience of the handiness of work/family policies is even more of import than the presence of formal or informal policies for the coveted results of committedness and productiveness. At the same clip, an organisation may mean to construction and specify policies that will help work/family balance. Compared to other industrialised states, the United States has rather meagre public policies and plans for working households and a comparatively well-developed set of employer-based benefits for working households ( Kelly, 2006, p. 99 ) . A cross-cultural survey on province, household and work life articulation by Crompton ( 2006 ) that compared double earner twosomes work and household struggle, samples were taken in Britain, US, Finland, Norway, France and Portugal. The two Norse states ( Norway and Finland ) reported significantl y lower mean degrees of work-life struggle. This determination suggests that supportive province policies may so be making a difference every bit far as the combination of employment and household life is concerned ( Crompton, 2006, p. 132 ) . Other states can larn from work and household policies in the above-named two Norse public assistance provinces. More cross-cultural research is needed in work- household state of affairss to cognize the advantages and disadvantages of different work household policies in different states. This will assist in the execution of better work and household policies. Perlow ( 2001 ) used samples of package applied scientists from the US, China, India and Hungry working for the same multi-national houses. She wanted to exemplify the national differences in organisational pattern. While the package applied scientists in the U.S. worked really long hours, this was non the same in the other three states. She found important fluctuation in work-time cri terions and norms. Poelmans, Allen, Spector, ODriscoll, Copper, and Sanchez ( 2003 ) reported the importance of cross-cultural and cross-national surveies in work and household interface. They reported how household and social differences related to work and household struggle. More specifically, they found that individualism/collectivism and the presence of family-supportive authorities policies moderated relationships between demands, resources and work and household struggle. States differ in the manner they think about work and household ( Feldman, Masalha, A ; Nadam, 2001 ; Knudsen A ; Waerness, 2001 ) . In transverse cultural research, civilizations are frequently reported in relation to the states as a whole ( e.g. , Hofstede, 1984 ; Triandis, 1995 ) . But in many states, such as Israel and in the Arab universe, there can be diverse cultural groups within each state ( Cohen A ; Kirchmeyer, 2005, p. 542 ) . In this state of affairs, it is hard to describe about civilization in relation to states because assorted cultural groups may hold different function outlooks. It would be rather interesting if future research would concentrate on work and household interface between the different cultural groups in a state. Decision In my position, WFC needs to be thought of within the context of the occupation the individual is keeping and how much clip and energy a individual needs for his or her work life. For case the work and household struggle for a instructor and for a physician will be different, particularly as instructors normally work in a fixed agenda and some physicians work in an exigency service. We should non restrict ourselves to looking merely at work-related factors. The FWC besides needs to be thought of by sing whether the employees belong to a atomic or joint household background, whether they get support from a close household and friends or non. Finally, when we take into consideration the demographic position of an employee, the word gender instantly comes to mind. Many factors such as the age of the employee, figure of kids, age of the youngest kids, and economic position of the household are ignored or under-researched. In decision, I want to state that more research is needed that loo ks at the positive factors of work and household system within the context of different civilizations and different states. So, in future the quality of work and household life can be farther improved.

Second-Person Point of View Literary Definition

Second-Person Point of View Literary Definition The second-person point of view uses the imperative mood and the pronouns you, your, and yours to address readers or listeners directly. Though the second-person point of view only rarely serves as a narrative voice in fiction, it does appear in letters, speeches, and other forms of nonfiction, including many types of business writing and technical writing. Examples of Second-Person Point of View You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You’re on your own. And you know what you know. And YOU are the guy who’ll decide where to go. (Dr. Seuss, Oh, the Places You’ll Go! Random House, 1990)When you yourself put words on paper, remember that the most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mainly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an empty-headed writer for his or her mastery of the language? No. So your own winning literary style must begin with interesting ideas in your head. Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others should care about. (Kurt Vonnegut, How to Write With Style, 1982)Consider what you could do with a chip in your ​head that linked directly to the Internet: Within milliseconds, you could retrieve just about any piece of information. And with the collective knowledge of the Web at your disposal, you could quickly fill in your brain’s normal memory gaps- no one would ever guess you slept through that economics seminar. (Maria Konnikova, Brain Hacking. The Atlantic, June 2015)Â   You, as an online consumer, are on your own. You cannot trust the Web’s gatekeepers to protect you from suspicious operators, nor can you rely on an undermanned Federal Trade Commission to keep the Internet’s millions of businesses in line. At least for now, every time you give your credit-card number to an unfamiliar online company, you will have to make a leap of faith. (Taylor Clark, The Dark Lord of the Internet. The Atlantic, January/February 2014)You are a sculptor. You climb a great ladder; you pour grease all over a growing longleaf pine. Next, you build a hollow cylinder like a cofferdam around the entire pine, and grease its inside walls. You climb your ladder and spend the next week pouring wet plaster into the cofferdam, over and inside the pine. You wait; the plaster hardens. Now open the walls of the dam, split the plaster, saw down the tree, remove it, discard, and your intricate sculpture is ready: this is the shape of part of the air. (Annie Dillard, Pi lgrim at Tinker Creek. Harper, 1974) The Conversational You The second-person pronoun (you) lets the author hook the reader as if in conversation. Call it cozy. Call it confiding. You is a favorite of the Plain English folks, who view it as an antidote to the stiff impersonality of legalese and urge bureaucrats to write as if speaking to the public. (Constance Hale, Sin and Syntax: How to Craft Wickedly Effective Prose. Random House, 2001) Overworking You Careful not to let the you character sound like an outtake from a Humphrey Bogart movie. The second person tone can easily slip into hard-boiled detective mode: You approach the door. You knock. You turn the knob. You hold your breath. Vary your sentence constructions to avoid this pitfall. (Monica Wood, Description. Writers Digest, 1995) Second-Person Point of View in Ads Here are some [ads] from the . . . New York Times: (1) Youll never read a book with greater interest. Earn 5% on your savings with our Golden Passbook Account.(2) Amsterdam is a whole lot more than charming canals and historic houses. There, by the beautiful zee, you can watch diamonds being cut, and do some cutting up of your own in some of Europes sassiest cabarets.(3) Break out the frosty bottle, boys, and keep your collins dry!(4) Do you know which collar style suits you best? For example, do you need a lower collar? a higher collar? a quarter size collar? Perhaps you want a tapered waistline, or even, an in-between sleeve length. Throughout all advertising, whether jocular or not, there is an effort to buttonhole the reader by uses of language that promote a close relation with the speaker. The most obvious device in this direction is simple enough: the second-person pronoun. Note in all our examples the repetition of you, your, as well as the direct appeal of the imperative voice (break out, keep). In example 4 above, the stress on your particular needs may be intended as especially flattering. In addition, observe those familiar devices of language that once again create the persona as an easy-going talker-fellow rather than as a writer-fellow. Contractions: youll never read. Colloquialisms: cutting up, sassiest. The list of short fragmented questions familiar in speech: a higher collar? a quarter size collar? (Walker Gibson, Persona: A Style Study for Readers and Writers. Random House, 1969)

Adidas vs Nike Case Study

Creating a powerful website wherein all products and services offered of the company are available and also a websites which interactive too. 5. Using woman athletes in their advertising tactics: commercials or models. SWOT Analysis Strengths †¢ In many invents  is the biggest sponsor †¢ Strong management team †¢ Brand recognition and reputation †¢ Diversity and variety in products offered on the web (footwear, apparel, sporting equipment, etc. ) †¢ Strong control over its own distribution channel †¢ No bad reputation like child labor or environment pollution †¢ In the Soccer industry, Adidas has a stronghold Weaknesses †¢ High prices in some products †¢ E-commerce is limited to USA †¢ Online customer service not helpful or NOT easy to find. Opportunities †¢ Increase female participation in athletics †¢ Collaborate with other online retailers to offer Adidas products †¢ Possibility of outsourcing the web development and e-commerce to a third party developer   Threats †¢ Nikes strong reputation in the footwear and apparel industry too †¢ Negative image created by the sponsored athletes (i. e. Kobe Bryant and his sexual assault case) †¢ Increase in the Price of Raw materials Continuing challenges in import/export duties Competitors Analysis Strengths: †¢ Nike uses a â€Å"Make to Stock† customer order which provides a fast service to customers from available stock. †¢ Nike operates Nike Town shoe and sportswear stores, Nike factory outlets and Nike Women shops. Nike sells its products throughout US and in more than 180 countries. †¢ Nike is strong at research and development, as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. They then manufacture wherever they can produce high quality product at the lowest possible price. †¢ Nike Company is great at expanding their product. Competitors are developing alternative brands to take away Nike’s market share. Objectives of the Analysis 1. To help management understand their competitive advantages/disadvantages relative to competitors. 2. To generate understanding of competitors’ past, present (and most importantly) future strategies 3. To provide an informed basis to develop strategies to achieve competitive advantage in the future. 4. To help forecast the returns that may be made from future investments (e. g. how will competitors respond to a new product or pricing strategy? Strategies . Market Segmentation Most of the consumers of Nike’s products are mainly sportsmen. This is so because of the utility that comes with the products. An athlete is more likely to go a sports shoe designed and marketed by Nike more than a person who detests sporting and exercises. Nike targets these consumers by agreements between Nike and athletic teams, college’s athletic teams, etc. for product spo nsorship and eventual promotion to the members of these teams. In this way, Nike is able to reach a wide number of consumers and consumers who are more likely to buy. Even though others are likely to buy the products, Nike pays specific emphatic targeting to the athlete more than any group of individuals even though it also targets the youth who have embraced the hip hop culture 2. Targeting strategies Nike lays a number of strategies to target their immediate consumers; athletes and other sportsmen. The targeting strategies include among others the sponsorship of products by professional athletic teams, celebrity athletes and college athletic teams. This strategy is specifically successful because of its ability to reach a large number of athletes. If the athletic team manager prescribes a specific type of track shoes made by Nike, the trainees have no option other than to buy them. The teams can as well buy the track shoes in bulky and supply them to the team members. The second strategy that Nike applies is the designing of product destination. It does this by associating success with the product. For example, when a celebrity athlete sponsors a specific brand of athletic shoes, the brand will be associated with success. This psychological effect is reinforced with advertisements that affirm this position. Finally, Nike targets the consumers who are likely to develop product intimacy; those who care more about the utility and quality of the product than the price. In this way, the pricing is not affected too much in a bid to accommodate a large number of consumers. 3. Pricing Strategies Nike targets the consumers who embrace product intimacy and thus care less about the product. This has enables Nike to set relatively higher prices than its competitors. This is a strategy that calls for higher pricing points so as to push the perceived product value. It has been established that consumers who consider a product to be of high quality are likely to pay the high price more often and consistently. Once consumers develop product intimacy, they come to associate their person with the product and will pay whatever price quoted on the product provided it has the Nike logo on it. Another very important thing to note is the fact that Nike uses the vertical integration pricing strategy in which they take ownership of the participants at channel levels that differ and they also engage in multifarious channel level operations both in a bid to control costs and thus influence pricing function. . Distribution Strategies Distribution strategies embraced by an organization can either give them an edge in market or make them lag behind the winners in the market. The more efficient the product distribution is the more sales and thus more profits. The delivery of the right product and at the right time to the consumer not only effects utility but al so leads to high degree of consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Nike distributes its products on level basis. The high priced premium products are given to certain distributors while leaving the low priced to be sold at highly discounted prices at mega retail stores such as Wal-Mart. Whereas Reebok embraced a limited distribution strategy Nike ventured more into a global market capitalization. 5. Promotional and Communication Strategies Apart from Nike selling quality products which have lead to a high degree of customer loyalty, the promotional strategies that the company employs are simply superb. Nike has contracted a number of professional and celebrity athlete which have managed to draw a considerable attention to their products. Some of the sportsmen signed by Nike include soccer stars such as Ronaldinho, Ronaldo and Roberto Carlos, Basketballers such as Jermaine ONeal and Lebron James2, tri-athlete Lance Armstrong and golf superstar Tiger Woods. This has created a relatively high degree of Nike products’ awareness. Besides the signing of celebrity sportsmen to promote their products, Nike has also employed a great deal of advertisements through the mass media. Nike employs a selective- demand advertisement focused on the high priced shoes used for traditional sports. Research and Development Plan Adidas policy is to control and monitor hazardous substance to protect human health and environment, one of those is to eliminate PVC making progress in finding substitutes like polyurethane, ethyl vinyl, silicones thermoplastic rubber. Adidas also  provide training sessions on employment standards and HR systems, health  and safety is important for the company. Establishing teams to manage and monitor SARS in Asia factory, washing stations, disinfectant  units. Adidas join into technology by make up the world’s first smart shoe, adding a microchip inside the shoe and wireless mp3 player. Also using hot melt system of the  production that is environmentally safe, using heat-activated adhesives. The  packaging that company use, are suitable for transportation over long distances humid conditions and extreme temperature changes and use recycled paper and other  environmentally-friendly packaging materials. Human Resource Plan The welfare of the employees is significant for Adidas family. Adidas identified that in order to achieving the goal to be the global leader in the sporting goods industry depends on the talents, enthusiasm and dedication of the employees. In order to success their satisfaction Adidas uses various methods. Some of these are: †¢ provide medical insurance for staff located in different cities †¢ improve the housing accumulation fund and social retirement fund coverage †¢ introduce flexible working hours †¢ provide annual performance bonus for eligible employees †¢ Make internal agreements on the use of internet, (mobile) phone and E-mail, on reintegration of employees coming back from parental leave, and on on-call service †¢ Support the existence of formal work council Adidas as a large international company occupies thousand of employees of different ethics, cultures, and race. Due to the existence of the HR department the potential  problems are eliminated. As Adidas has to cover many different job positions, the skills that are demanded are various. HR department recruits both low and high skilled employees depending on each job description. Diversity exists in all matters  because there are employees of different age, gender, race, nationality and religion. Alternative Plan and Recommendation In human resource we recommend a continuous training to their employees which are very important. Have a continuous organized and numerous seminars in all levels of employment. As it is mentioned  before, Adidas believes that employees and their talents are critical to the continuing commercial success. For this reason, we recommend Adidas to create a Global Salary Management System which responsibility is to motivate employees through different ways of remuneration and through offering various attractive  compensation systems that could be implemented globally. ADIDAS GROUP OF COMPANY 2012 BRYAN MAWAC RHIZA NEMES 10/11/2012 949 The foundation 18 August adidas is registered as a company, named after its founder: Adi from Adolf and Das from Dassler. 50s The Miracle of Bern 1954 The Miracle of Bern Germany battle Hungary with a competitive advantage. They are wearing adidas soccer boots which for the first time feature removable studs. 60s Higher Driven by a desire to help all athletes committed to performance, adidas manufactures equipment for what some consider fringe s ports. Unconventional high jumper Dick Fosbury launches himself up and over in adidas footwear. 0s The adidas team wins Crowning moment: Franz Beckenbauer, the Kaiser, raising the World Cup in victory salute. Germany had just beaten Holland 2-1 in the 1974 final. 80s The transition After Adi Dasslers death, Adis wife Kathe, his son Horst, and his daughters carry on the business. 90s With a new management Under the CEO Robert Louis-Dreyfus, adidas is moving from being a manufacturing and sales based company to a marketing company. 1995 adidas goes public Flotation of the company on the Frankfurt and Paris Stock Exchange. 1996 A splendid year The three-stripes company equips 6,000 Olympic athletes from 33 countries. adidas athletes win 220 medals, including 70 gold. Apparel sales increase 50%. 1997 adidas-Salomon AG adidas AG acquires the Salomon Group with the brands Salomon, TaylorMade, Mavic and Bonfire in December 1997. The new company is named adidas-Salomon AG. 1999 The new brands The integration of the new brands is gaining momentum. The new TaylorMade FireSole clubs boost sales. Salomon in-line skates take off with high double-digit growth during the first half of 1999. 2000 – New management Following personnel changes, the new management initiates an ambitious Growth and Efficiency Program. Major sports events such as the European Soccer Championship EURO 2000â„ ¢ and the Olympic Summer Games, where swimmer Ian Thorpe takes three gold medals, contribute to the company’s success. 2005 Sale of Salomon The Salomon Group (including Salomon, Mavic, Bonfire, Cliche and Arc’Teryx) is being sold to Amer Sports in October 2005. The new adidas Group is focusing even more on its core strength in the athletic footwear and apparel market as well as the growing golf category. The legal name of the company will change to â€Å"adidas AG† in May/June 2006. 2006 adidas-Salomon AG acquires Reebok The closing of the Reebok transaction on January 31, 2006 marks a new chapter in the history of the adidas Group. By combining two of the most respected and well-known brands in the worldwide sporting goods industry, the new Group will benefit from a more competitive worldwide platform, well-defined and complementary brand identities, a wider range of products, and a stronger presence across teams, athletes, events and leagues. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

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A report regarding the logistics activities of an organization or of a business of your choice - Research Paper Example ds, the management of Food Basics has made some excellent strategic decisions, and these will be outlined as a model of what can be done to deliver good quality low- and high-end products to a consumer seeking budget solutions. In particular, the management’s ability to anticipate trends in the food market is outlined, with both canola oil and olive oil shown as evidence of the success of the company’s plans. Similarly, the advantage of aligning with larger companies, and taking advantage of their systems and economic power are described as they relate to this food chain. Finally, the decision to restrict the chain’s expansion across to wide an area is examined to show that distribution and costing difficulties can be effectively addressed with good planning. In order to understand the particular challenges of the food retail business environment thoroughly, a good place to start is by examining the logistics activities of a supermarket chain. By focusing on a business of this nature, it is possible to establish how a business is able to create a profitable record by effective logistics and concentration on delivery of desirable products in a â€Å"no-fuss† way, and at competitive prices, to the average consumer. In Ontario, Canada, a particularly well-known and widely supported brand of supermarket is the Food Basics stores. The stores offer lower cost products across a wide range of products, with particular focus on foodstuffs. National and international brands are carried as well as private in-store brand labels, and offered in 117 stores across Ontario. (Food Basics website, 2012) Food Basics is owned by Metro, Inc. a major Canadian food and pharmaceutical company, which also owns Metro, Metro Plus, and Super C brands. (Metro Inc. website, 2012) The central topic of this paper is the logistical activities involved in the retail sale of vegetable oil by Food Basics. Within the wider examination of â€Å"logistics† Demand Forecasting, Quality Control and