The Theory Of Crime Resistance And Susceptibility Essay

Per the assignment instructions, this paper will present the prospective study’s guiding theoretical perspective along with its corresponding propositions and concepts followed by a brief discussion of potential extant instruments capable of capturing these dimensions. Next, a review of examples of operationalization methods used to construct variables from those items in prior research will precede the unveiling of research questions and hypotheses intended for the exploration of the theory. Lastly, survey items adapted from substantiated scales will be presented at the conclusion of this paper. Theoretical Overview Agnew’s theory of crime resistance and susceptibility (TCRS) (Agnew, 2016) serves as the theoretical framework for this research. From this perspective, certain individuals are more susceptible to the onset of criminality emanating from social forces and life experiences described in the three dominant criminological theories. That is, pressures and environmental influences that propel persons into crime (strains), makes crime a viable option (social learning), and constrain others (controls) have a greater impact on susceptible individuals in comparison to those who are more resistant. Further, Agnew contends that while these three theories (i.e., strain, social learning, and control theories) have dominated the criminological landscape, especially the causes of crime literature (Agnew, 2005; Hirschi, 1969; Kornhauser, 1978), they fail to explicate why onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Direct And Vicarious Victimization On Later Offending Essay1895 Words   |  8 PagesRece ntly, Agnew has narrowed the focus of General Strain Theory by arguing certain factors must converge for criminal coping to occur. Specifically, individuals must have certain crime-related traits, experience strains that are perceived as unjust and high in magnitude, and occur in situations that encourage criminal coping. A longitudinal sample of serious adolescent offenders was used to assess the impact of direct and vicarious victimization on later offending among those with higher and lowerRead MoreEffects Of Peer Pressure On Children2602 Words   |  11 Pagestakes an in-depth look at the kind of influences encountered by young people from peer pressure. In this regard, negative and positive influences are discussed in detail. The document then provides an insight to personal factors affecting the susceptibility of individuals at their early stage in life to peer pressure. Later, a section on peer pressure relationship with consumer habits of young is highlighted. Generally, th is task tries to prove that peer pressure indeed influences the lives of childrenRead MoreThe Biblical Perspectives of Crime4108 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Crime and Biblical Perspectives Crime and violence is rampant throughout the world. Laws exist to maintain order and peace and provide for the safety and well-being of all members of society. Acts that disrupt and threaten this system of order are deemed criminal in nature and are punishable by law. It is believed that criminal types operate from a self-centered framework that shows little, if any regard, for the safety and well-being of others (Merton, 2006). Christianity teaches us that crimeRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering3368 Words   |  14 PagesEngineering is Genetic engineering borderlines on many moral issues, particularly involving religion, which questions whether man has the right to manipulate the laws and course of nature. Also it brings into question Darwins theory of the survival of the fittest, if this theory has worked over the last 20 centuries , why change it? ...   experimental breakthroughs made possible by genetic engineering.   1. At the Roslin Institute in Scotland, scientists successfully cloned an exact copy of a sheepRead More Outside the Teaching Machine by Gayatri Spivak2753 Words   |  11 Pageshave helped to consolidate the field and to clarify conflicts over definition and domain, a necessary precursor to the academic legitimacy of postcolonial studies. It is now received in classrooms around the world as well as in those anthologies of theory and critical approaches that are hallmark of most introductory courses for English majors. While Bill Ashcroft, Gereth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin have â€Å"use[d] the term ‘postcolonial’ to cover all the cultures affected by the imperial process fromRead MorePsych Exam Chapter 1216262 Words   |  66 Pagessyndrome. C) the stress contagion effect. D) stressors. 12. Early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe: A) showed that disruptions in personal relationships were the strongest predictors of heart disease and cancer. B) developed the theory called general adaptation syndrome (GAS). C) demonstrated that the immune system could be classically conditioned. D) believed that any change that required a person to adjust his or her behavior or lifestyle would cause stress. 13. The Social ReadjustmentRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 Pages(B) has been outlawed in Kansas (C) is key evidence in favor of Intelligent Design (D) explains the origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria (E) was first described by James Watson and Francis Crick 10. Eukaryotic cells: (A) are just a theory (B) include the bacteria and viruses and are not considered as life forms (C) contain various membrane bound compartments, such as chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei (D) are the most primitive type of cell originating 3.2 billion yearsRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pagesapparent within society and subject to various myths and stereotypical attitudes. Statistics abound and connote that although chronically underreported and with more repeat victims than any other, domestic violence accounts for 16% of all violent crime. Of the one in four women that experience domestic violence over their lifetimes 57% are involved in more than one incident and an average of 35 assaults occur before victims call the police and of these, two lives of women are claimed each week (Women’sRead MoreThe Function of Criticism at the Present Time12631 Words   |  51 Pagesbeen wrong in so doing; they may have foolishly omitted to take other prescriptions of reason into account;−−the non−English world does not seem to think so, but let that pass;−−what I say is, that by legislating as they did they showed a keen susceptibility to purely rational, intellectual considerations. On the other hand, does my reviewer say that we keep our mone− tary system unchanged because our nation has grasped the intellec− tual proposition which he puts, in his masterly way, thus : {{}}toRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pagesreunification of north and south in Ireland ANS:A PG72 13. The American experiment with â€Å"prohibition - the noble experiment†: A. caused corruption of police and politicians. B.. was successful in reducing heavy alcohol consumption. C.. reduced the crime rate. D. was not supported by female suffragists.. ANS:A PG73 14. Philadelphia physician Benjamin Rush is known for recommending: A. pre-temperance ideology. B. the 12 Step program. C. medical treatment for chronic â€Å"inebriates.† D. providing combat

The Latest Developments of Air Transport Free Essays

The commercial airline industry has grown from a few aircraft to that of a multi-billion pound industry. The Boeing 707 began a revolution in air travel when it entered service in1958.It was the first commercially successful jet aircraft. We will write a custom essay sample on The Latest Developments of Air Transport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since then aircraft manufacturers have strived to provide larger and more economical planes to aircraft companies. The basic appearance of commercial airliners has not changed much for over 50 years. Nevertheless, there has been a considerable increase in innovations and new technology within the aerospace industry. Advancements in engine efficiency, aerodynamics and new materials have all led to a significantly lower operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft. There have been a number of significant innovations, especially on the Boeing 787, the latest wide body jet to enter service. Composite materials are now been used in the commercial aircraft industry. The Boeing 787 is primarily constructed from composite materials. They are used in most primary structures, particularly the fuselage (see fig1). By using a unique one piece composite barrel construction, (See fig 2) the 787 eliminates the need for any fuselage lap joints, doubler longitudinal skin splices. This has a dramatic reduction in weight and drag. In addition, it also significantly reduces the amount of maintenance and inspections required. Panel construction in aircraft such as the Boeing 707 requires additional joints, fasteners and splice plates, resulting in increased weight and inspections. An example of a composite, which is used on the Boeing 787 is carbon laminate. It comprises of layers of carbon fibre that are impregnated with a polymer. Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopaedia.. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/composite+material. [Accessed 20th Novemberr 2011]. The use of composite materials ensures many advantages. They are lighter, stronger, do not corrode or fatigue, resist impacts better and are easier to examine during an inspection, compared with aluminium. Minor damage can be repaired at in less than an hour. Fig1 Corpu, (2007), plane [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=composites+on+aircraf [Accessed 01 December 11]. Fig 2 New Airplane, (2007), 21st Century Fuselage Construction [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.newairplane.com/787/design_highlights/#/VisionaryDesign/Composites/OnePieceBarrelConstruction [Accessed 01 December 11]. The most critical expense areas for aircraft fleets are fuel, maintenance and its residual costs. New aircraft have been designed and manufactured to lower these costs. Maintenance tasks have been reduced by 30 per cent, and inspections are required less frequently. A good example of this is the 787 which does not require its first heavy maintenance check until after 12 years of service. Another advantage of using composite materials, especially in the wing structure is that it gives aircraft such as the 787 a higher aspect ratio than previous aircraft, resulting in a higher Coefficient of Lift. A lighter aircraft will reduce fuel costs and therefore have a positive effect on the range equation. Advancements in aerodynamics have led to an increase in the overall efficiency of aircraft, becoming more fuel efficient by reducing drag. Components such as winglets and wingtip fences decrease vortices created at the wing tips which cause aerodynamic drag. Winglets | Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/winglets/. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Raked wing tips create a greater degree of sweep on an aircraft wing. This enhances the wings efficiency, by increasing the aspect ratio of the wing, therefore decreasing the amount of lift induced drag produced by the aircraft. This kind of drag can be reduced by up to 6%.with the implication of raked wing tips. Blended winglets can be attached to the wing giving a level curve in place of a sharp angle reducing interference drag at the wing. Wikipedia. 2011. Wikipedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wikipedia.com. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Riblet technology is a surface modification which consists of minute streamwise ridges and valleys, it has been proven to reduce local turbulent skin friction by up to 6 % . Houghton, E.L, 2003. Aerodynamics for Engineering Students. 5th ed. Oxford: Heinemann (book publisher). On the Boeing 767 double drooped slotted fowler flaps are used, whereas on the later 787 a simple hinged flap with drooping spoilers are used creating smoother wing technology. This results in a decrease in fuel consumption, weight, smaller fairings and fewer parts therefore reducing maintenance. Www.cdti.es/recourses/doc/eventosCDTI/Aerodays(2011) [pdf ]. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Recently Airbus has completed the first flight of its A320 test aircraft equipped with ‘sharklet’ wing-tip. The sharklets can cut fuel burn by up to 3.5% over the current configuration with wing-tip fences and increase the maximum take-off weight by up to 3 tonnes. The engine with the higher value of specific impulse (Isp) is more efficient because it produces more thrust for the same amount of fuel. A higher or more favourable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design. Using these higher values will obviously increase the range of an aircraft. The latest propulsion systems have advanced, improving the economics of aircraft. Early jet airliners had turbojet engines. These engines operated well at high altitudes and speeds, but had had a high fuel burn rate. When the turbo fan engine was introduced it could move a greater amount of air at lower speeds, than the turbo jet engine, as it had a large fan attached on the front. By enclosing the fan inside a cowling, the aerodynamics was better controlled. This reduced fuel consumption, compared to a turbojet. The next-generation engine technology is provided by Boeing’s engine partners, General Electric and Rolls-Royce. The latest engines being the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 and the General Electric GEnx. These engines incorporate a bypass ratio of about 10, compared to the first turbo fan engines having ratios of about 7. The higher bypass ratio allows the engine to be quieter, with significantly reduce fuel consumption. This lowers cost for the 787 operators and reduces emissions, lessening the environmental impact of the aircraft. Chevrons on the nacelles significantly reduce shock cell noise in the aft cabin. Both the Trent 1000 and the GEnx engines are interchangeable at the wing of the 787. This reduces operating costs and gives the 787 liquidity and strong residual value. Both the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 and the GEnx eliminate the engine bleed air system and associated pneumatic system. This improves the reliability and efficiency of the aircraft by further reducing fuel consumption and maintenance costs. The electric system improves efficiency by removing only the power actually needed during each phase of flight. The aircraft have a health management system which monitors the electrical systems, improving the aircrafts productivity. General Electric recently delivered a new innovation in technology producing advanced composite material fan blades .The process results in a 100% defect-free, carbon-reinforced epoxy blade , which means no voids in the fibres. In order to accomplish this, advanced sensor and data acquisition systems were used. This technology will continue to be used on wide-body aircraft of the future, Resulting in lower cost, and greater efficiency. Duncan, Tom, 2010. Engines of Today. Commercial Airliners, 2, 8. An innovation to watch out for in the near future is the use of Titanium aluminide turbine blades. Titanium aluminide’s low density means that a turbine blade will be about half the weight of a blade made from a traditional nickel alloy blades. Reducing the density and the weight of an aircraft engine has huge benefits. Materials of the Future – Online Stuff – Science Museum London . 2011.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/materials_of_the_future.aspx. [Accessed 16 December 2011] Using the range equation you can calculate the range of an aircraft, if you have the value of the following components. R = distance flown (m) u = velocity (m/s) Isp = specific impulse (s) L/D = lift-to-drag ratio (dimensionless) Winitial = gross aircraft weight at the start of cruise (kg) Wfinal = gross weight at the end of cruise (kg) Houghton, E.L.H, 2003. Aerodynamics for engineering students.. 5th ed. Great Britain: Heinemann (book publisher) The engine with the higher value of specific impulse (Isp) is more efficient because it produces more thrust for the same amount of fuel. A higher or more favourable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design. Using these higher values will obviously increase the range of an aircraft. The appearance of aircraft has not changed much over 50 years because when it was first designed the cone shaped fuselage with wings attached had good design and technology features. The process of designing and producing a new aircraft is very expensive and risky. There is enormous economic risk along with a large investment and liability risk. The (you bet your company curve) plot below shows the cumulative gain or loss in an aircraft project during its life. It was recently estimated that a new large airplane project at Boeing would take 20 billion dollars to develop. Origins of Commercial Aircraft. 2011. Origins of Commercial Aircraft. [ONLINE] Available at: http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/origins.html. [Accessed13 December 2011] Aircraft manufacturing companies are not likely to take risks on projects that rely on unproven technology. This is the reason that innovative concepts are not likely to be tried out on the next generation of commercial airliners and why aircraft such as the 787 look so much like the Boeing 707. Customers of commercial aircraft manufacturers can sell their planes which are basically the same appearance as 50 years ago. There is not enough financial gain to design an aircraft with a different appearance. In addition, passengers may prefer to board an aircraft that consist of a tube with wings rather than an aircraft in the shape of a large triangle. The new 787 Dreamliner is a prime example of how innovations in new airframe and propulsion technology can lead to a more efficient aircraft. From innovative composite materials to aerodynamics to propulsion technology the 787 has become 70% more fuel efficient than the 1950s-era four-engine Pratt Whitney JT3D-powered Boeing 707s. This has considerably increased revenue potential through significantly better performance, improved fuel efficiency and lowered maintenance decreasing operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft. How to cite The Latest Developments of Air Transport, Papers

Auditing Taxation Australia

Question: 1) You, the auditor, attended the inventory count (stocktake) of your client Smith Equipment and observed the following during the count: 1. Warehouse staff counted specific areas of the stock as determined by the warehouse supervisor ; staff members ,including the warehouse supervisor , were allocated their own area to count on their own. 2. Several blank sheets of paper were issued to each member of staff doing the counting. 3. Staff was instructed to write down the stock description and number counted. 4. Staff was told to write the stock quantities in pencil on the sheets to ensure errors could be corrected. 5. Any staff that completed a section early was allocated to another area to help out one of the other staff. 6.The supervisor collected all sheets at the end of the count to finalise the stock count. Required: Identify the weaknesses in the stocktake procedures above and identify how they could be improved. 2) You, the auditor, have spent 5 years as an auditor. In this time you have come across numerous errors in performing bank reconciliations. The following are some of these errors: 1. An unreconcile d item of $340 was on the final bank reconciliation of the client and was deemed by the client to be immaterial. 2.Two deposits totalling $4070 relating to accounts receivable were collected on 3July (30 June year end) but recorded as cash receipts on 30 June. 3.An amount from an associate company of $40,000 was banked 2 days before the end of the year in the clients bank account and then paid back 1 week after the end of the year. 4.A cheque for $6,000 was omitted from the outstanding cheque list on the bank reconciliation at 30 June. It cleared the bank on the 14 August. 5.A bank transfer of $20,000 was included as a deposit in transit at 30 June in the accounting records. Required: (a) what control should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of each of the above? (b) What is an audit procedure to detect or prevent each of the above? 3) The following is an extract from a working paper containing the results of the tests of controls in the accounts payable area: Test Result Conclusion Selected a number of supplier Six out of 50 invoices tested had Accepted as the invoices and checked that the not been authorised. Incorrect discounts errors in the pricing and discounts have been were recorded for these invoices. A follow discounts claimed reviewed and authorised by the up of the four incorrect invoices did not were immaterial. Purchasing manager not highlight a pattern or specific reason for the errors. Required: (a) Identify the key assertion addressed by the test procedure. (b) Provide an explanation as to why the conclusion reached is appropriate or inappropriate. (c) Outline the key control procedure Answer: Stock taking procedures to be followed: a) The auditor should have counted the stock himself or should have got that done through his staff. b) The reasons for the issue of the blank sheets must be ascertained. As such this could have been done in order to ensure that the discrepancy is duly noted down c) Writing down the stock description along with the count seems sensible d) The staff should have written down the discrepancies in pen so that they could not have been erased. The responsibility of the staff of the auditor is to highlight the discrepancies and report them to the management and the shareholders. The following are the weaknesses observed: a) The stock sheets should have been checked and ensured that they are up to date. b) It must have been ensured that the product costs are up to date c) The unit sizes should have been checked d) The records of the last stock taking should have been taken into account (My business, 2015) e) The stock in respect of whom the invoice has been issued but is still there in the warehouse must be recorded. f) Ensure that there are separate labels and shelves for the different stock that has been received. And ensure that the same have been duly accounted for. g) The following must be given to the staff of the auditor: a) Clipboards b) Stock sheet c) Write off sheets d) Pens e) Calculators f) Hand held scanners h) The inventory must be hand counted and no estimation must be done. All the boxes must be opened and thoroughly checked. i) The use of electronic gadgets such as mobile phones etc must be discouraged j) The inventories must be checked as against the accounting records and re-checked for the discrepancies. The note must be prepared for the variances and the necessary follow up must be done. k) Once the stock has been finalised, the inventory recorded should be updated in the accounting packages An inventory or the stock taking auditing has to be very well planned so that there is minimum disruption, the inventory records are accurate and the information could be used so as to make more informed decisions. (Smith, 2015) Controls on reconciliations: Each and every item must be checked for the reconciliation The cash receipts and the payments must be thoroughly reconciled with the cash and bank account The transactions entered into with the associate companies have to be eliminated and so, must be cross verified during the time of audit The bank reconciliation statement must be prepared The bank reconciliation statement must be prepared The following are the procedures that could be followed when it comes to reconciliation of accounts: a) Ensure that all the appropriate accounts have been reconciled and this includes the new accounts b) Ensure that there is an overall reconciliation policy that must be very well adhered to and is followed across the company. c) Ensure that the reconciliation includes the tile, description of the account, the procedures and the instruction with regard to how to complete the reconciliation. d) The supportings of the account balances must be documented and reconciled. The account reconciliations must be accurate: a) The person who is preparing the account reconciliation must know what a reconciliation is and how it should be prepared. In order to illustrate this, the cash accounts will have a general ledge and a bank statement so as to perform the reconciliation b) Ensure that the balances that are being reconciled are correct and mostly updated c) Ensure that the reconciliation actually supports the balances and is not just a repeat of the general ledge or the roll forward of the balance d) Ensure that the reconciliation contains only the usual balances and not the unusual balances The account reconciliation must be complete and reviewed regularly a) Due dates must be created for the reconciliations b) There must be a mechanism for the tracking status of the reconciliations c) There must be a high risk for the reconciliations that due early and so, the potential problems must be identified. d) The unidentified differences must be reviewed and the necessary adjustments must be posted till the time accounting period is open The account reconciliation must support the accounting principle a) The reconciliations must follow the local principles of accounting b) Ensure that the reconciliations are objective and that they identify the unidentified differences that are consistent and that the transactions are behind the general ledge balance followed by the convention of conservatism c) The reconciliations must be as per the policy of the company The procedures must be reviewed and improved on a regular basis: a) The policy of the account reconciliation must be reviewed so as to ensure that it accurately reflects the position of the company b) The overall process must be identified so as to drive the quality and timeliness c) The procedures for reconciliation must be reviewed. d) The standard templates for the different types of the reconciliations must be reviewed for consistency and accuracy and completeness All the errors can be realised when the statement of reconciliation is prepared. (Accounting Web, 2015) (OMH, 2015) Controls on purchase discounts: Many of the small businesses find the mistakes in purchases and accounts payable and this proves very costly for the business. This is the time when very careful attention is required and there must be internal controls on the same within the payment systems. It needs to be made sure that there are very careful and written procedures when it comes to accounts and payments so as to ensure that the staff knows all the processes that they are expected to follow. Some of the most important processes that must be laid down are as follows: a) Documenting all the procedures for purchases and the accounts payable. b) Ensuring all the payments are in original invoices only and are not in photocopies or faxes. This is done so as to ensure that the amounts are not paid more than once. c) After the payment has been made, ensure that the document is stamped so that the same cannot be misused. (CPA Australia, 2015) 1. With regard to the case given, the given assertion is wrong since, the discounts should have been taken into account even when they were minimal. 2. Even when the purchase discounts were immaterial, the errors should not have been taken place. Each and every amount has to be duly authorised by the purchase manager. 3. The following must be adhered to when dealing with the purchases: a) Approvals: there must be a set of guidelines that must be followed when it comes to making the purchases and receiving the shipments. There must be a checklist that includes the names that are required in each of the case and the process. The auditor must and must ensure that there are appropriate signatures and the dates must also be verified so as to maintain an integrity for the process of an approval. b) Validation of the vendor: the suitability of the vendors plays a very important when it comes to assessing the profitability of the company, the auditor must adhere to the guidelines and ensure that only the approved vendors are selected when it comes to making the purchases. The process of purchases must include choosing the vendors that offer a good quality of the inventory and the timing of the deliveries and the pricing. There must be a procedure for the reviewing of the vendor selection process so as to ensure that the purchase process is up to date. There must be methods to ensure that the vendors continue to meet the criteria of the company c) Assessment of the quality: there must be a process that should be used to check the quality of the merchandise from time to time. During the process of audit, there must be a checklist to review the processes and then the reports of the inventory must be compared with the returns of the customer. The faults that are discovered during the delivery must then be checked. d) Communication: there must be an adequate communication between the company and the vendors. The internal communications must also be checked so as to ensure accuracy and timeliness. All the departments and the employees must have a clear idea of the procurement processes from the accounting to the warehousing receiving and these must be checked during the process of audit. (Small Chron, 2015) References: Accountingweb.com, (2012). Best Practices for the Account Reconciliation Process | Accounting WEB. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingweb.com/article/best-practices-account-reconciliation-process/219543 [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015]. Mybusiness1st.co.uk, (2015). Stock Taking Procedure - My Business 1st. [online] Available at: https://www.mybusiness1st.co.uk/Your-Finance/Costs-profit/Stocktaking/Reviewing-your-Stock-Taking-System [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015]. Omh.ny.gov, (2015). Top Ten Internal Controls to Prevent And Detect Fraud!. [Online] Available at: https://www.omh.ny.gov/omhweb/resources/internal_control_top_ten.html [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015]. Small Business - Chron.com, (2015). A Checklist for a Purchasing-Process Audit. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/checklist-purchasingprocess-audit-45378.html [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015]. Smith, H. and Smith, H. (2015). 7 steps to a successful stock take. [Online] The Pulse Australia. Available at: https://myob.com.au/7-steps-to-a-successful-stock-take/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015]. www.cpaaustralia.com.au, (2015). Internal controls. [Online] Available at: https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/corporate/allfiles/document/professional-resources/business/internal-controls-for-small-business.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015].

Self Reliance an Example by

Self Reliance The crowd was behaving in the usual way, with movements so coordinated that motion could have been mistaken for stillness. Yet a ripple caught my eye. It traveled like whirlpool through the sea of people that collected outside the stadium to watch the big game. Everyone moved in one direction, toward the large gate through which the field was visible. Need essay sample on "Self Reliance" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Yet the lone boy shouldering the crowd was interesting enough for me to drop everything to see what this non-conformist was trying to achieve. The path was grueling, and much longer than necessary as the boy had to keep changing direction to avoid collision with others who were determined to take the conformers route into the stadium. Yet the boy weathered the onslaught resolutely and kept his unconventional course. I watched while the rebel managed to extricate itself from crowd and made his way to a smaller gate that no one else had seen in their rush to follow the everyone else. The situation sparked the memory of an essay once read: Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson. It reminded me specifically of Emersons description of the ship that must tack in order to finish a course that is set against the wind. Emerson puts forth the idea that not only must man rely upon himself, but cut out his own path in the world and set himself apart from it. He should be like the man that made his tracks visible by steering them in a different direction from that of all the others of the crowd. Rather than do what is dictated by society, people should act according to the desires and impulses of their own nature. In Self Reliance Emerson writes of the rare quality in men to resist the pressures of their society to conform. This pressure often comes about in the form of accepted behaviors, the learning of which is termed maturity. Yet Emerson goes against this when he says that whoso would be a man, must be a non-conformist (Emerson, 261).This offers an opposite view of maturity which states that the ability of persons to know intimately their own nature and to respond to their impulses is a truer sign of maturity than familiarity with and obedience to societys norms. He suggests that the act of exploring ones own psyche offers more rewards than that of learning and performing societys proper duties for two reasons: The first will go directly to the exact needs of the human inpidual, while the second will only hinder and hide the inpiduality that leads to creativity and progress for man. One must remember that Our only access to truth, goodness, or to life itself, is through our own understanding and our own judgments (Miller, 2006). This lets us know that the inpidual is the only one who can tell for sure what he or she is to be. Trying to keep tradition alive, according to Emerson, does something that is similar to stunting the development of mankind. Yet it is surprisingly easy to do. What is difficult is to rise above the collective will express ones inpiduality. However, Emerson writes that the accomplishment of such a feat may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness (Emerson, 263). The difficulty in rising to the level at which one might be called an inpidual is hampered by those in society who pretend to know what is the purpose of all other human beings. Yet to abandon society and go into solitude is a way in which a person can shut out the droning of the crowd and find a place where nature can be free to influence the will. Emersons concern is that peoples actions indicate their character, and when a mans actions are dictated by the traditions of decades or centuries, a third party will have trouble detecting the true character of the man that performs them. Such a man is indistinguishable from the other conformists that surround him. He no longer sees with eyes cleansed of the effects of the group mind and institutional constrictions (Kateb, 1995). Such persons have lost the carefree attitude of the youths who (unlike adults) are without self-consciousness and do not seek to flatter or pacify persons; for the young person, no one is set up on a pedestal. In keeping with this, Emerson describes the character of youth that gives the kind of self reliance that he praises. He cumbers himself never about consequences, about interests: he gives an independent, genuine verdict. You must court him: he does not court you (Emerson, 261). No power that a person thinks he can see in any human would make the youth and the self reliant man to feel the need to give false praise. Emerson highlights his belief by his idea that books and scholars are to be treasured for their ability to inspire the inpidual to greatness (Goodman, 2005). He identifies the way men idolize such persons that distinguish themselves through self reliance as an example of something contradictory. Men are equally likely to revere the ideas given by persons in books as they are to put kings and leaders on pedestals. Yet, Emersons reaction to this is negative. He writes: Our reading is mendicant and sycophantic. In history, our imagination plays us false. Kingdom and lordship, power and estate, are a gaudier vocabulary than private John and Edward in a small house and common day's work; but the things of life are the same to both; the sum total of both is the same. Why all this deference to Alfred, and Scanderbeg, and Gustavus? Suppose they were virtuous; did they wear out virtue? As great a stake depends on your private act to-day, as followed their public and renowned steps. When private men shall act with original views, the lustre will be transferred from the actions of kings to those of gentlemen (Emerson, 268). In this passage, Emerson reminds the reader that the life of the private and unknown man is as worthy of praise as that of the most powerful king, once that life is lived in truth and keeping with the nature at the core of the persons being (Beran, 2004). Another point Emerson makes is that the praise that persons give to history and its events is directed in the wrong way. He speaks of this largely as it regards tradition and convention. Yet, he further causes the idea to include the private actions of even the inpidual himself. He believes that man should not cling even to his own actions and beliefs of the past merely because he has kept them for months, or even years. Movement is involved in living, and the growing and changing man cannot mature unless he goes back and reassesses his beliefs and actions from time to time. It is no crime or shame to change ones mond if one has found a reason to do soone that more accurately expresses his or her nature. To rely only on ones memory of what one has said or done in the past in order to avoid public contradiction might lead to an even worse contradictionthat of oneself as one has now evolved to become. Emerson gives the metaphor of memory as a corpse that one drags about. A corpse is dead, while a persons character is a living, changing thing. Emerson continues: a foolish inconsistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, and in the presence such faulty adherence to consistency, a great soul has simply nothing to do since all would have already been done (Emerson, 265). According to Emersons essay Self Reliance, men, like that lone man in the crowd, must be willing to go against the pressures of conformity and be true, not to tradition, but to themselves. Only in such an environment is greatness thought of and nourished. A person cannot know precisely who he is if he continues to be ruled by societyand the inpidual, if he can be identified, is more likely to contribute something worthwhile to society when s/he is truly being him/herself. Emerson began his essay by identifying a truly original piece of writing. Had the writer been a conformist, his nature (which differs from that of all other men) would never have been revealed, and his originality would have been lost in the dullness of everyday life. Though the choice to be oneself includes the choice to disregard all the points made in the essay, yet only that choice matters. Regardless of the outcome, one who chooses according to his nature would have achieved higher level of self reliance. Works Cited Beran, Michael Knox. Self Reliance vs. Self Esteem. City Journal. Winter, 2004. Retrieved May 19, 2006 http://www.city-journal.org/html/14_1_self_reliance.html> Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Self Reliance. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Essays and Lectures. Library of America, 1983. Goodman, R. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2005 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Retrieved May 19, 2006 Kateb, George. Emerson and Self Reliance. Abstract. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995. Miller, George. "Emerson's Optimism." Paper presented at the University of Maine at Farmington, December 7, 2005. Retrieved May 19, 2006. .

Cross Cultural Studies essays

Cross Cultural Studies essays Question: What is the value of making cross-cultural comparisons? (Miller, Pg#11: 1999) Cultural anthropology encompasses all aspects of human beliefs, behaviors and ideas. What would the world be like without any knowledge of other cultures? Anthropologists study different cultures to be more understanding and accepting, more appreciative and to enrich our own culture. What is the "real" problem with the Ku Klux Klan? Perhaps, if they took the time to understand the African-American and Jewish cultures, for example, they would be more accepting of the diversity. Hundreds of years of cultural imperialism has evolved into a legion of hate. Emic studies put the researcher in the middle of the culture, free to interact and discover a new life style. After a few months or even a year in a "different" culture, one has a better understanding of the lifestyle, and understanding leads to acceptance. Once people, especially powerful political leaders, learn cultural relativism war will be a practice of the past and only discussed in history classes. Another reason for cross-cultural comparison is to make us more appreciative of our own culture and environment. For example, members of the Peace Corp volunteer months to years of their lives to live and help in third world countries. They may not be there with the purpose of studying culture, however, living among the people and having to adapt to their way of life gives them a first-hand experience of a third world life. Seeing the way life is without any luxuries make us realize how convenient our lives are. Plentiful amounts of food, clean water, stable shelter and adequate clothing are just a few of the many luxuries that our culture sees as essentials. Many volunteers return from the Peace Corp and adopt a new way of life; much less "extravagant" than the one they led before. Finally, we study other cultures to enrich our own. Where would "Canadian culture" be ...

Burdens of History Essay Example for Free

Burdens of History Essay The British imperial history has long been a fortress of conservative scholarship, its study separated from mainstream British history, its practitioners resistant to engaging with new approaches stemming from the outside – such as feminist scholarship, postcolonial cultural studies, social history, and black history. In this light, Antoinette Burton’s Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 represents challenges to the limited vision and exclusivity of standard imperial history. Burton’s Burdens of History is part of a budding new imperial history, which is characterized by its diversity instead of a single approach. In this book, the author examines the relationship between liberal middle-class British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture in the 1865-1915 period. Its primary objective is to relocate â€Å"British feminist ideologies in their imperial context and problematizing Western feminists’ historical relationships to imperial culture at home† (p. 2). Burton describes Burdens of History as a history of â€Å"discourse† (p. 7). By this, she means the history of British feminism, imperialism, orientalism, and colonialism. Throughout the book, the author interposes and synthesizes current reinterpretations of British imperial history, women’s history, and cultural studies that integrate analyses of race and gender in attempts at finding the ideological structures implanted in language. In this book, Burton analyzes a wide assortment of feminist periodicals for the way British feminists fashioned an image of a disenfranchised and passive colonized female â€Å"Other†. The impact of the message conveyed was to highlight not a rejection of empire – as modern-day feminists too readily have tended to assume – but a British feminist imperial obligation. According to Burton, empire lives up to what they and many of their contemporaries believed were its purposes and ethical ideals. Burton based her book on extensive empirical research. Here, she is concerned with the material as well as the ideological and aware of the complexity of historical interpretation. Backed by these, the author particularly examines the relationship between imperialism and women’s suffrage. Burton brings together a remarkable body of evidence to back her contention that women’s suffrage campaigners’ claims for recognition as imperial citizens were legitimated as â€Å"an extension of Britain’s worldwide civilizing mission† (p. 6). Centering on the Englishwoman’s Review before 1900 and suffrage journals post 1900, the author finds an imperialized discourse that made British women’s parliamentary vote and emancipation imperative if they were to â€Å"shoulder the burdens required of imperial citizens† (p. 172). The author shows in Burdens of History how Indian women were represented as â€Å"the white feminist burden† (p. 10) as â€Å"helpless victims awaiting the representation of their plight and the redress of their condition at the hands of their sisters in the metropole† (p. 7). Responding both on the charge that white feminists need to address the method of cultural analysis pioneered by Edward Said and the imperial location and racial assumptions of historical feminisms, Burton explores the images of Indian women within Victorian and Edwardian feminist writing. In her analysis, the author argues that Indian women functioned as the ideological â€Å"Other† within such texts, their presence serving to authorize feminist activities and claims. By creating an image of tainted Oriental womanhood, and by presenting enforced widowhood, seclusion, and child marriage as â€Å"the totality of Eastern women’s experiences† (p. 67), British feminists insisted on their own superior emancipation and laid claim to a wider imperial role. However, while feminists persistently reiterated their responsibility for Indian women, the major purpose of such rhetoric was to institute the value of feminism to the imperial nation. According to the author: â€Å"The chief function of the Other woman was to throw into relief those special qualities of the British feminist that not only bound her to the race and the empire but made her the highest and most civilized national female type, the very embodiment of social progress and progressive civilization† (p. 83). According to Burton, British feminists were, â€Å"complicitous with much of British imperial enterprise† (p. 25): their movement must be seen as supportive of that wider imperial effort. She sustains this argument through an examination of feminist emancipatory writings, feminist periodicals and the literature of both the campaign against the application of the Contagious Diseases Acts in India and the campaign for the vote. Indeed, the greatest strength of this book lies in the fact that Burton has made a n extensive search through contemporary feminist literature from a new perspective. In the process, she recovers some quite interesting subgenres within feminist writing. She shows, for instance, how feminist histories sought to reinterpret the Anglo-Saxon past to justify their own political claims and specifying some characteristic differences between explicitly feminist and more general women’s periodicals. Certainly, Burton’s survey establishes the centrality of imperial issues to the British feminist movement, providing a helpful genealogy of some styles of argumentation that have persisted to the present day. Burdens of History is a serious contribution to feminist history and the history of feminism. In conclusion, Burton states that British feminists were agents operating both in opposition to oppressive ideologies and in support of them-sometimes simultaneously, because they saw in empire an inspiration, a rationale, and a validation for women’s reform activities in the public sphere. Her arguments are persuasive; indeed, once stated, they become almost axiomatic. However, Burton’s work is to some extent flawed by two major problems. First, the author never compares the â€Å"imperial feminism†; rather she locates in her texts to other imperial ideologies. In addition, Burton does not subject imperialism to the same kind of careful scrutiny she turns on feminism. She does not define â€Å"imperialism† in her section on definitions, but uses the term – as she uses â€Å"feminism† – largely to denote an attitude of mind. Another problem is Burton’s failure to address the question of how feminist imperialism worked in the world more generally. It is true that feminists sought the vote using a rhetoric of cross-cultural maternal and racial uplift, however, one may ask: what were the effects of this strategy on the hearing accorded their cause, on wider attitudes toward race and empire, and, more specifically, on policies toward India? The author not only brushes aside such questions; she implies that they are unimportant. It seems that, for Burton, the ideological efforts of British feminists were significant only for British feminism. It can be argued that Burton’s difficulty in tracing the way Burdens of History works in the world is a consequence of her methodological and archival choices. The problem is not that the author has chosen to approach her subject through a â€Å"discursive tack† (p. 27), but rather that she has employed this method too narrowly and on too restrictive range of sources. While the author has read almost every piece of feminist literature, she has not gone beyond this source base to systematically examine either competing official documents, Indian feminist writings, or imperial discourses. Thus, Burton’s texts are treated either self-referentially or with reference to current feminist debates. Overall, Burton’s approach is useful in providing a critical history for feminism today, Certainly, it is as a critique of Western feminism’s pretensions to universal and transhistorical high-mindedness that Burdens of History succeeds. However, if one wishes to map out the impact of imperial feminism not only on feminism today, but also on imperial practices and relations historically, one needs a study that is willing to cross the border between political history and intellectual history and to take greater methodological risks. Burdens of History. (2017, Feb 25).

Oedipus the King an Analysis of the Tragedy Essay

Oedipus the King an Analysis of the Tragedy - Essay Example This essay approves that the most important feature of a tragedy is the plot according to Aristotle. The plot is the way the incidents are arranged and presented to the audience. It must be whole, with a beginning, middle and end. The beginning should give an indication of the cause-and effect chain .We see this in the first scene of ‘Oedipus’ where the people have come to him to save them. The middle or ‘climax’ as it is called now, must be caused by earlier action and it must lead to further complication. The end, or ‘denoument’ must be caused by earlier events, resolving the complication.’ Oedipus’ has a climax caused by his actions and a final denoument. This paper makes a conclusion that ‘Oedipus the King’ with its use of dramatic irony and ability to arouse powerful emotions and its perfect blending of the elements of Apollonian and Dionysian, is the perfect example of a tragedy according to Plato, Aristotle and Nietzsche. According to Plato, it is a drama which extols uncontrolled emotions in the spectators, without contributing to rationa thought. According to Aristotle, who disagreed with Socrates’ theory, Greek tragedy especially ‘Oedipus the King’ is the perfect example of the form. According to Nietzsche, ‘Oedipus the King’ combines both Apollonian and Dionysian elements, with its chorus and structure, thus lifting the spectators to heights of ecstasy culminating with the oneness of Being.

Minimalism From Shaker Furniture to Oki Sato Research Paper

Minimalism From Shaker Furniture to Oki Sato - Research Paper Example Minimalism, today, has inspired millions of architects and designers around the world. While many have been exposed to minimalism in one form or another, very few understand and appreciate the underlying thought behind minimalism. Minimalism began as a very disjointed movement. It can be traced back to the time of the Shakers. The Shakers were basically a strong religious communal group of people who believed in simple living. Their belief of simple living extended to their architecture and furniture design which carried traced of minimalistic design. However, Minimalist design did not begin as a proper movement until the twentieth century. Minimalism in design gained momentum as a reaction towards Abstract Expressionism. It follows the principles of achieving more in less. Negative spaces in minimalist design are not feared; rather they appreciated by exposing them to bright white light. Oki Sato is one designer who appreciates the beauty of minimalism. For him, minimalism is beauti ful with its simple design. This paper will discuss the simplicity inherent in minimalistic design by exploring the characteristics of both ancient and modern minimalistic design. The Shakers represent the old minimalistic style while Oki Sato through his design studio, Nendo represent the modern take on minimalism. Because simplicity in design is straightforward, this paper displays the progression of minimalism from Shaker furniture to the more modern Oki Sato designs. The paper will first focus on defining the scope.

Paper on Career Skills Essay Example for Free

Paper on Career Skills Essay 1. Career direction It starts with five articles which help you think about career direction. These tools help you uncover what you do best and identify the types of work that you’ll enjoy doing most. From this, you can figure out how to make the most of your skills and preferences, whether in your current role or in a new one. a. Personal SWOT Analysis shows you how you can apply the well-known SWOT strategy tool to your life and career, helping you identify your strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities open to you and the threats you face. This leads naturally into the idea of job crafting. This is something that many of us do subconsciously to some extent, but our article gives you a rigorous approach that you can use to craft your ideal job. b. Develop your career in various ways. We show you what you can be doing now to future proof your career and to get ready for promotion. And if you’re frustrated because your hard work and abilities are going unnoticed, find out how to get the recognition you deserve. we show you how to live with a lack of job security and how to cope with life after job loss. Yet even when the economy’s booming, you can still face challenging career situations such as hitting a â€Å"glass ceiling†. We round off this section with two articles that will help you transition through significant events in your career. First, we look at what you can do when you get a new boss, and then we see how to wrap up in one role before moving on. Finding Career Direction Discover Yourself and Your Purpose How long has it been since you asked yourself what you want to be when you grow up? If you havent considered the idea since high school, then you may have settled into a job that is not fulfilling your professional aspirations, or your purpose. Each of us has particular talents that, when expressed or exercised, make the world a better place. Most likely you enjoy doing these things, and you find that people respond well to you when you do them. Perhaps theyre things you gravitate towards during out-of-hours activities, and that people respect you for. When you develop these talents as far as you can, you can make your greatest possible contribution to the world, and enjoy personal and professional satisfaction that goes along with this. Your Career Direction Journey The process of uncovering what you are meant to do, that is finding career direction, is a journey. It starts with discovering the essential you: the person who truly resides behind the facades, defenses, and stresses of everyday life. Once unmasked, your journey continues with specific career exploration and identification of a career that allows you to make good use of your talents. And it moves on with a focused job or career move, in which you identify the jobs you want and put yourself in the best possible position to get them. In fact, this journey never really ends because work itself is all about change, growth, development, and reinvention. By taking a talent-based approach to your career search right from the start, you keep yourself heading toward the right career even when the actual direction shifts over time. This approach consists of sequentially answering three questions: 1. Who Am I? 2. What Do I Want to Do? 3. How Do I Get Hired? 1. Discovering Who You Really Are The first question to answer is Who am I? Well take two approaches to answering this firstly asking you to explore your talents, and secondly using psychometric tests to explore your preferences. Exploring Your Talents First of all, consider your answers to the following questions: * When have you been most committed, passionate and enthusiastic? * When have you been most creative? * When have you been most sure of yourself and your decisions? * What do you consider to be your greatest accomplishment? * When have other people considered you to be most successful? * When have you enjoyed your work most? * What talents were you relying on, and using, in these situations? * For what would you take a very strong stand? * What about the world puzzles or disturbs you that you could make an impact on? * What jobs do you like to do at work when you have a choice? * What activities are you drawn towards out of work? * If money were no concern, what would you be doing? Brainstorm each of these questions, and then use your answers to identify the top three talents that you most use when youre successful. Rank these in order. Tip:If youre having problems choosing, use a technique like paired comparison analysis to rank things in order. | Personality Inventories Next, well look at using personality inventories as a way of looking at your preferred way of working relative to other people. There are many typologies available including Myers-Briggs, DISC (Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Conscientiousness) and the strength finder evaluation in Now Discover Your Strengths. Tip 1: Some of these cost quite a lot of money, however considering the importance of what youre doing, it is probably worth investing in them if you havent already done so. Tip 2: It can be hard initially to see how to apply these tests. One trick is to turn things around, and as you identify possible careers, think about what personality type is most likely to be successful in these careers. Is there a match or a mismatch? Well do this later. Tip 3: Treat these tests as advisory only you cant capture the whole complexity of your personality and experience with only a few questions. That said, youll probably find the tests quite insightful! | With personality testing you learn what you have in common with other people. You also discover potential points of friction with people of other personality types. While no personality type is good or bad, it does help you discover what motivates and energizes you. This in turn empowers you to seek those elements in the work you choose to do, and avoid the things that frustrate and demotivate you. As you explore your personality you come to realize that who you are is really determined by the choices you make. You choose to react one way over another, or to prefer one thing to another. You can take this self-awareness one step further by examining why you make the choices you do. In psychological terms, what is your payoff for making the choices you make? When you know the why it is easier to see how you can become fulfilled through the work you do. Write a Who I Am Statement Now draw this together into a simple written statement of who you are. This is an important step toward self-discovery and defining your purpose. Use it to answer the following questions: * What your talents and strengths are. * The talents you achieve most with. * The activities you get most satisfaction from. * The type of activity the psychometrics youve completed guide you towards. Tip: When youre doing this, be careful not just to look back nostalgically at simple jobs where you performed well after all, many different people could perform well in these situations, and this gives you little information. Focus instead on more difficult areas where you made a positive difference, and where others didnt. 2. Finding Out What You Want to Do Now that you know who you are, the next stage is to think about what you want to do. For your life to be balanced and fulfilled, your career must be aligned with who you are: Otherwise youll be unhappy with work, and youll probably underachieve. After all, ill-fitting jobs demand different talents from the ones that you have. If you try to pursue a career path that is at odds with your values, your beliefs, and your way of seeing the world, then youll struggle constantly and be under a great deal of stress and pressure. The starting point is to do some brainstorming on the jobs that you think would suit who you are. Well then confirm this with some different psychometric tests, and then extend this list with some more brainstorming. You then need to spend some time researching the top careers youve identified. i. Exploring the Options You Know About Starting with your Who I Am statement, start thinking about all of the jobs you can see that would suit you someone with the talents and interests in that statement (by depersonalizing it in this way, you help to avoid being too close to the issue.) Starting here is particularly important if youre already established in a career: Its important to capitalize where you can on the experience and contacts youve already built up, compared with ditching everything and starting completely afresh (while this sounds glamorous and enticing, it puts you in the position of competing equally with other career starters, who may be much younger than you. On the other hand, if youre profoundly unhappy with your company, industry and profession, a radical career change may be the best thing) So start by asking yourself if your current role can be adapted to suit you much better; if there are other roles within your existing company that would be worth trying; or whether similar roles in other organizations might be more rewarding. Once youve done this, extend out and brainstorm the other options available. ii. Using Career Tests The next stage is to use online career tests to explore options that you might have missed. Useful ones are: Free, but limited career selection advice: Princeton Review Career Quiz Chargeable (but inexpensive, and with good selections of possible careers): http://www.self-directed-search.com http://www.assessment.com iii. Thinking Further The unavoidable flaw with these career tests is that theyre based on backward-looking data, and can only cope with the major career types. Because of this, they cant recommend new careers, nor do they know about less well-known careers. Using the test results as a starting point, do some brainstorming to see if there are new technology careers which demand similar personality types, or if there are more obscure careers that may also be open. iv. Pulling This Together. Youll now have identifies a wide range of possible careers open to you. Nows the time to cut these down and prioritize them. Were not asking you to choose one now, but to cut down to your top 5 or 6 choices (the reason being that when you start researching these careers, some of them may turn out to be quite bad!) Again, if youre having trouble prioritizing, use paired comparison analysis to rank your choices. v. Perform Career Research Armed with a solid understanding of how you can participate in fulfilling work, you now need to research the various options you have to make money doing so. Career research is not something many people relish, but it is necessary in order to eliminate choices that seem to be great fits on the surface but really wont align with your mission and purpose. Yes, this is quite tedious. But think about the consequences of getting things wrong! Surely its worth spending time exploring your options, rather than a lifetime kicking yourself for making a bad choice! Methods for researching careers include: * Researching the career using sites like Acinet.org, so that you can understand industry trends, job pay levels, qualifications needed, job availability, etc. * Conducting your own PEST Analysis to confirm your own view of likely career trends. * Reading industry/career magazines and get a sense of how happy the industry is, who the major players in it are, and what the issues and problems within it are. Also, looking at job vacancies to see if the career is in demand. * Understanding what talents and personalities make people successful in the career, and mapping these back against your own talents and personality. * Attending professional and trade shows. * Participating in job fairs; * Visiting company websites, and keep an eye on how companies are talked about in the press. * Understanding where organizations are based, and deciding if youre prepared to travel to interviews, and perhaps to move. * Volunteering. * Working part time and/or seasonally in the industry. Tip: Be careful when using career trends to identify career possibilities: The desire to pursue an up and coming career may overshadow your mission and purpose. This will only lead to dissatisfaction down the road. Also be aware that theres a natural desire from people within an industry to inflate its prospects (to ensure a good supply of new recruits in the future.) Take official figures with a pinch of salt! | By the end of all of this research, you may have rejected several possible careers. Nows the time to narrow down to one! Again, Paired Comparison Analysis may be useful here, however so can Grid Analysis which helps you make comparisons where many variables are involved. 3. Answering How do I Get Hired? In this last phase you answer, What am I going to do to get hired? With your Who I Am statement and your research as your compass, now you need to actually map your progress. Many people tend to move from their purpose right into job search mode. This is a mistake because unless you have a plan, it is far too easy to get derailed by a lucrative job offer, an opening that Uncle Vinny has, a job that sounds really glamorous, or a whole host of other distractions. Develop your plan first and youre more likely to get where you want to go, faster. * Start by writing down the career you want. What is your long-term vision for yourself in terms of your career? * Write down the steps you need to take or the things you need to accomplish, in order to get there. What qualifications should you get? What experience should you build? Which organization will give you the best start? * For each of these steps create a detailed implementation plan. * These are your short term goals. * Be sure to express as SMART objectives. * Go back and identify contingency plans * Do a what if analysis on your goals If you dont get accepted to grad school this year, what will you do? Tip: The more contingency plans you have the more likely you will be able to survive the inevitable setbacks. You will also have much more confidence in yourself despite the bumps in the road. Tip 2: Recognize that the more opportunities you have, the better the job that youll be able to choose. Concentrate on creating as many opportunities as possible! | Now you are free to pursue your dream career with confidence. There are certainly no guarantees but with the right amount of planning and a sufficient dose of reality, the career that you are meant for will materialize. Signs a career direction evaluation may be in order: * Your job lacks challenge and excitement for you. * You are feeling unappreciated. * Your promotional and/or development opportunities are limited. * You are no longer having fun. * Learning is replaced with routine. * You sense that your skills and talents are being wasted. * You are suffering from stress or depression. Finding career direction is a process. The more effort you put into the planning stages the better your results. Uncovering your true self and your purpose is heavy, emotional work and you may have to go through this process a few times in the span of your working life. The effort however, is certainly worth it when you end up with a clear sense of the direction your career should be taking.

religion :: essays research papers

I do not feel that I should participate in the â€Å"Pay it Forward† assignment. This assignment is telling us to go be nice to people and we will get a good grade. If we don’t do anything nice, we will not receive a good grade. I do not feel like anybody should be forced to do something nice, if they have to be forced, they shouldn’t do it at all. If it is not done for the correct reasons, it doesn’t mean anything. I do nice things for people. If I am in the mood and feel that I should help somebody out, I will, but I will not give them a paper and turn it in to the teacher for a grade. How impersonal is that? If I receive a paper from somebody during this project, I will not feel grateful that they performed an act of kindness for me because it is not for the right reasons. Their act of kindness is for a grade in religion class. Besides the â€Å"Pay it Forward† project has almost nothing in common with the movie. In the movie the little boy, Trevor, decided that he should change the world. His idea about how to do it is a good theory, but it will never work as well as anyone would hope it would. In the movie he saves a homeless man, and he took him home and gave him some money, food, and a place to sleep. He did not have to do anything at all. If I remember correctly, that assignment in the movie was for extra credit. Today we received an assignment that is worth a very healthy sum of points for the second nine weeks. Why should we have to be given grades to be nice to each other? Has the world gone that bad? Having to basically bribe or force people to be courteous to others. That, in my opinion is wrong. This project has a good purpose but I don’t feel that it is the right thing to do. People should be nice to each other all the time, not just when we get points for it. I feel obligated to go and do good and be the nicest person I can be, but I would rather be nice to someone and feel the gratification that would follow that act. I do

Intermediate Financial Management

BA – 316 Project Part 1 Identify a company Look at financial statements (from previous years, at least one year) Conduct ratio analysis. Use Dupont equation from results.. Make a financial statement Organize and Analyze Statements Make recommendations – how will you improve the forecast Strengths, weaknesses, etc. Part 2 Forecasting – Statistical Analysis Standard Goal of 10% Determine location of new funds (borrowing, issuance of stocks, capital) ? page to 1 page proposal before starting project Chapter 2 Homework – (5 , 9) & Mini Case (a – i), (#12 for 08/31) *Mini Case (j – m) for 09/12 Correlation Coefficient -> Degree of variability Possibilities of economy on investments ProbabilityRate of Return A Pessimistic. 2513% Likely. 5015% Optimistic. 2517% Realized Rate of Return & Correlation Coefficient ***Calculate Correlation of Coefficient for these stocks Stocks X, Y, and Z Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Avg? X8%10%12%14%16%12%3. 16 Y16%14 %12%10%8%12%3. 16 Z8%10%12%14%16%12%3. 16 Correlation – A statistical measure of the relationship between the rates of return of two assets Correlation Coefficient – A statistical measure of the degree of the relationship between the rates of return of two assets. Positively Correlated – Describes two rates of return that move in the same direction Negatively Correlated- Describes two rates of return that move in opposite directions ?= t=1n(ri,t-ri,avg)(rj,t – rj,avg)t=1nri,t-ri,avg2t=1nrj,t – rj,avg2 Yearr  ? xryrz 18%16%8%Rxy= 2101410 3121212Rxz= 4141014 516816 Diversifiable Risk Company-specific risk Unsystematic risk S&P, NASDAQ, Dow Jones Non-Diversifiable Risk Market Risk Systematic Risk The risk of a portfolio depends on the correlation coefficient of returns on the assets within the portfolio. 1. If rate of return of two assets are perfectly positively correlated, R = 1 2. If rate of return of two assets are perfectly negatively correlated, R = -1 3. If rate of return of two assets are independent, -1 < R < 1 Beta Coefficient – b Measure of the risk that one asset can contribute to a portfolio ry = a + b(rM) When beta is positive, it means that the stock moves with the market And vice-versa if beta is negative Beta measures the non-diversifiable risk of an asset. Find Correlation Coefficient (as a portfolio) Calculate beta – Use S&P What should be the risk of the portfolio? **Pick a pair Exxon & BP Walmart & Kroger Verizon & AT&T Toyota & Ford CAPM – Capital Asset Pricing Model A model that describes the relationship between the required rate of return and the non-diversifiable risk of a portfolio rMrxryrz 55102. 5 1010205 1515307. 5 20204010 25255012. 5 30306015 r17. 517. 5358. 75 b1120. 50 ?111 bx= ? rx? rm? xm = ? x? m? xm SML Equation – ri = rrf + (rm – rrf)bi IF rm = 9% RRF = 3% bA = 0. 5 bB= 1 bC= 2 Slope of SML line provides the riskiness of the market, aka market risk premium. Chapter 3 – page 76 Optimal Portfolio Homework (#7) Covariance COVAB = i=1nrAi- rArBi- rBPi ProbabilityAsset AAsset BAsset CAsset DAsset E .158%4%12%2%4% .20861046 .3088878 .2081061210 .1581241612 r ? 88888 ?02. 522. 524. 662. 52 COV COVxy= ? x ? y(? xy) Solve COVBD, COVBE, COVCD Calculate risk without beta ?p= wx2? x2+(1-w)y2? y2+2w(1-w)? xy? x? y Two key factors for investing How much is the rate of return What is the risk involved If COV is large & positive Portfolio standard deviation will be between the two stand-alone deviations If COV is large & negative Portfolio standard deviation will be minimized (lower than the lowest one) Analyzing portfolio options Asset AAsset B r ? 5%8% ?410 wawbr ? p 100%05. 0 75%25%5. 75 50%50%6. 5 25%75%7. 25 0100%8. 0 ?p ?ab = 1? ab = 0? ab = -1 Linear relationship between increases in portion changes of asset A vs. asset B Percentage change in risk also remains constant if perfectly positively or perfectly negatively correlated Look into financial statements for project, bring to class 09-28 r ? A = 5% ?A = 4% r ? B = 8% ?B = 10% wAwbr ab = 1? ab = 0 ? ab = -1 100%0%5%444 75255. 755. 53. 90. 5 50506. 57. 05. 43. 0 25757. 258. 57. 66. 5 01008. 010. 010. 010. 0 Plot rate of return on y-axis and risk on x-axis The feasible set will be determined Most Efficient portfolio Provides maximum expected rate of return with the least risk. The capital market line Shows the possibility that investors could have an efficient portfolio outside of the feasible set Short-term borrowing and short-term lending

Bias in Abstinence-Only Education Essay

In addition to being an ineffective deterrent to unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, abstinence only education prevents young women from making well informed decisions about their sexuality.   Cases of teen pregnancy and STD/HIV infections is on the rise despite the government allocating funds for abstinence only programs.   This paper seeks to look at the government policies with regard to abstinence-only education programs and its relationship with unwanted pregnancies. It is a known fact that sexual abstinence is being practiced in all countries in the world as a sure way of preventing sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.   Men and women of all ages who are not ready to accept the risks that accompany sexual activity embrace abstinence which is a normal and acceptable practice.   As a way of expressing love, affection and tenderness, majority resort to intercourse and sexual activity. Sex is also being used by couples to strengthen their relationships.   However, it has often been argued that using sex to cement relationships can distort one’s judgment.   Among women, having sex may strengthen the feeling of love but do not actually cement or deepen the relationship. Exploring sexual behavior within an environment of deep commitment where having children is considered as a possibility is always rewarding.   Majority of people are however not prepared for commitment hence opt for abstinence until they develop a stable relationship. Abstinence is 100% effective in protecting an individual from sexually transmitted.   However, if the majority of the population could realize its effectiveness, then we would not be having such headlines like the ones we have seen in the past of teen births being on the rise.   However, abstinence is not an easy practice considering how strong sexual drives are among humans. The rate of teen births steadily declined since 1991 and this could have been because of the intensive educational campaigns that were initiated during that period.   These campaigns included encouraging people to use contraceptives and condoms and enlightening people on the risks of Aids and sexually transmitted diseases.   However, today statistics now show an increase by 3% in teen births the first time ever in 14 years. (Wilson, Kelly, Patricia,2005) Is it that the sex education programs that the government adopted are no longer working? The government has tried to show some effort in curbing STDs and unwanted pregnancies. The first federal abstinence-only program was enacted in 1981 and this was designed primarily to support pregnant and parenting teenagers.   This came through the adolescent Family Life Act which was also passed the same year. AFLA also funded â€Å"abstinence-only† programs meant to encourage responsibility and self discipline among teenagers (Abstinence Only Programs 2008, p.2). Abstinence-only program’s purpose was to teach the general population and especially the teenagers how they stand to gain from abstinence. It also sought to teach abstinence from pre-marital to all schooling children.   The abstinence-only program was supposed to teach the values of abstinence with regard to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.   According to this program, the expected standard of human sexual activity revolved around a mutually faithful monogamous relationship.   However, with all these well clarified goals, current scientific research shows that this program is ineffective. A study of ‘abstinence-only-until marriages’ program inferred that the classes fail to serve its goal of delaying the onset of sexual activity the young people.   An evaluation of 11 of these programs showed that they do not have a lasting positive effect on the asexual behavior of young people (Ibid 4).   Instead of a positive effect on the young people they showed a negative willingness to use contraceptive because the program emphasized on contraceptive failure. It has often been reiterated that abstinence-only programs endanger the youths because adolescents are denied complete information.   These programs fail to provide contraception information and in some cases, they have been accused of providing wrong information which may lead to youths forgoing contraceptive use. Teens are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases because of lack of responsible sex education.   Only safer sex intervention can reduce unprotected sexual intercourse as compared to abstinence only programs.   The Federal Fund for abstinence -only programs have negatively influenced schools.   Avery good example involves the Gloucester High school in Massachusetts with the summer vacations beginning 17 girls at the school are expecting babies (Kathleen Kingsbury, Wednesday June 18, 2008). This proves further the failure of the program to curb pre-marital pregnancies.   In order to reduce the prevalence of this at the school a local pediatrician advocated for the prescription of contraceptives.   However, this has been met with hostility.   Amazingly it is the desire of these teens to get pregnant and this only proves how distorted their perception towards life is.

How to Write a Quantitative Policy Analysis for a Research Essay

How to Write a Quantitative Policy Analysis for a Research Essay Writing a research essay requires you, as a student, to gather multiple sources and establish a context in which you can situate your thesis statement. This is generally considered a more complex piece of writing, one where you will develop your idea, build the researched context for the argument you are making, and structure the paper accordingly. Writing a research essay requires reading and analytical skills. You have to contribute something to the academic dialogue by placing your unique idea within the context of existing academic research. You have to expound upon your skills and resources in academic research, apply your reasoning skills, closely review published work and write in such a way as to blend your work into the research of others. The steps to completing the work involve: Selecting your topic Researching the topic Writing about your topic The problem is that while this appears simple, students often struggle with a topic that is too general, or an improper use of sources, inadequate sources, or a lack of research question. That said, selecting the topic means you have to brainstorm potential ideas, or take the broad idea provided to you by your teacher and narrow it down until it is just so narrow that you can really delve deeply into it. If your topic is too broad, it will be shallow and you will be able to say a great many things about the topic, but they will all be superficial in nature. The narrow topic, on the other hand, allows you to select one part of the topic and review it in depth. This affords you the opportunity to conduct additional analysis on the subject. The essay requires a research question to follow. The research essay then allows you to answer a question related to your topic or address a controversy related to the topic. You can review research questions that you discover by researching sources related to your topic. You might find that there are multiple areas of controversy which require deeper investigation. Structure The structure of your paper must have the following three definite sections: The introduction is where you offer a brief background for your reader and where you state your research question. You must always state the research question in the introduction, and most students find it is best to do so in the last sentence of your introduction. The body is the main dish to your writing meal. It is good to break it down into the different, relevant headings relating to the different aspects of the topic you have selected. Ask yourself what issues you have to cover if you want to answer your research question. You may need to include a section in your body where you answer or refute the arguments made by an opposing author, or where you present your case for accuracy, or where you describe the controversy in an in-depth fashion. The conclusion is where you summarize the research in tandem with the answers you found to your original research question. To conclude and complement this guide we invite you to check our 20 topics and a sample essay on quantitative policy analysis for a research essay along with 10 facts to back you up. CustomWritings is a reliable essay helper for college students. Contact our writing service and enjoy it online!

Genderfication in Police Services Research Proposal

Genderfication in Police Services - Research Proposal Example er to comply with the Equality Act 2006 all public authorities (such as Staffordshire Police and Authority) are required to meet a general duty. Basically, this means that we must consider the following areas when carrying out our day-to-day work: * the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination * the need to eliminate unlawful harassment * the need to promote equality of opportunity between men and women. (Staffordshire Police and Police Authority Gender Equality Scheme 2007-2010)2 . The gender equality duty aims to make gender equality central to the way we work in order to create: * better informed decision making and policy development * a clearer understanding of the needs of service users * better quality services which meet varied needs * more effective targeting of policy and resources and greater confidence in public services * a more effective use of talent in the workforce. (Staffordshire Police and Police Authority Gender Equality Scheme 2007-2010) . 5. Hypothesis/Central Theoretical Question Why do many police executives want to hire more women officers Here's an answer. Dollar for dollar, women officers cost substantially less than men in terms of excessive force payouts. This proposal describes research documenting that male officers cost on average over five and a half times more than female officers for court judgments and settlements involving excessive use of force. Data will also be reviewed from three major U.S. police departments and three civilian oversight boards revealing that women are significantly under-represented in both civilian complaints and sustained allegations of excessive force. This under-representation takes... However despite these initial aims, gender inequality has continued. As a result the Equality Act 2006 has been introduced in recognition of the need for a radical new approach to gender equality. In order to comply with the Equality Act 2006 all public authorities (such as Staffordshire Police and Authority) are required to meet a general duty. Basically, this means that we must consider the following areas when carrying out our day-to-day work: Why do many police executives want to hire more women officers Here's an answer. Dollar for dollar, women officers cost substantially less than men in terms of excessive force payouts. This proposal describes research documenting that male officers cost on average over five and a half times more than female officers for court judgments and settlements involving excessive use of force. Data will also be reviewed from three major U.S. police departments and three civilian oversight boards revealing that women are significantly under-represented in both civilian complaints and sustained allegations of excessive force. This under-representation takes into account the fact that women currently comprise approximately 13% of sworn law enforcement in large agencies across the country.

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells - Essay Example DNA as we know tells us about our family structure and passes on from one generation to another. The large number of cells and their network helps in differentiating the DNA structure. The DNA keeps of replicating with the help of template polymerization. The Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells are made up of similar basic chemicals like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins, while making use of proteins as catalysts. The hereditary information is transformed into RNA, which in turn is translated into proteins. Therefore these two cells are similar in nature in many respects. But, there are a number of features which differentiate these two types cells from each other. One of the major distinctive feature is that the Prokaryote is without a nucleus, therefore the DNA keeps floating around in an unorganized manner in the cells. But on the other hand, the Eukaryote cells have a large centrally located nucleus, surrounded by double layer of membrane known as nuclear envelope. This envelope contains nucleoplasm. The DNA is held within this nucleus only. The nucleus being the centre of activities is also termed as brain of the cell. Prokaryotic cells do not have the organelles, but Eukaryotic cells have organelles which allow them to perform more complex functions. Both these cells differ in respect of their size as well.

Summary of Thucydides, The Melian Dialog. Summary of Machiavelli, Essay

Summary of Thucydides, The Melian Dialog. Summary of Machiavelli, Chapter 18 of the Prince - Essay Example Before this, the Athenians already had invaded an island Argos with a considerable amount of army and arrested their 300 men. Melos, like all the other islanders had refused the submissiveness towards the Athenians hence resulting in the revulsion from the Athenians empire. They were also offended by the Melian’s supportive towards the Sparta. They surrounded the Melos Island and before the attack they offered their options for the Melos, that if they surrender, then there should be no fight and the Athenians will not behead their men, and will bestow their and their loved ones’ lives. Athenian stated that they have ruled the place for so many years and they have the right to conquer and as Melian have never harmed them that’s why they are offering this great treaty of submission. Melians, unlike the Athenian representatives took a defensive stance towards the argument and asked another possibility of being a neutral friend between the Athenians and the Sparta. A thenian refused it, and said that their men think that as they were the warriors, it is their right to conquer the inferiors and subjugate others and if not done so, this will be considered as an act of shame and disgrace. Melians retorted by saying that, with such Athenian’s attitude, it reflects that any piece of land refuting the submission towards the Athenians would equivocally become the same as the Athenians as they refuse the Athenian’s governance over them. Then the discussion of God’s help flared up and with this Melian made their point that whatever the case may it is impossible for them to submit themselves, and give up the independence their men and women possessed for 700 years as this will be considered as the act of disgrace and shame from their side. They believed that their gods will bless them with success and often in a fight the chances of weak side depends upon the odds and the battle plan as well. Athenian representatives riposted that they appreciate

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Book Review - Essay Example Humanity is not only made with the capacity of free will, but also have a soul that brings humanity closer to attaining the perfection and intellectual design. This is not a new approach, but adds further scientific backing for the belief in God, but also introduces the notion of faith being driven by the science and genetics of mankind: â€Å"The power of myth lies beneath its literal interpretations, in the ability of its universal symbols and themes to connect us with the most essential parts of ourselves in ways that logic and reason alone cannot" This argument is that the reality of God is driven from human emotions and the biological make-up of the brain. However this does not mean that religion and God is in the mind of the believer; rather this view of religion is the extension of these subjective human emotions, i.e. they point to the reality of God in the individual’s mind but do not come from God. â€Å"Any idea might trigger a myth if it can unify logic and intuition, and lead to a state of left-brain / right-brain agreement. In this state of whole-brain harmony, neurological uncertainties are powerfully alleviated as existential opposites are reconciled and the problem of cause is resolved†. This scientific approach of Newberg gives a rational explanation of the long traditional of mystical thought, which has been scorned for its subjectivity. Rumi is an Islamic example of a mystic who supports the mystical union of the believer and God. This mystic approach was in response to the over rationalizing of mainstream Islamic thinker’s on the nature of God and enforcing rules on human’s (Rumi, 1996). Rumi’s approach is a personal approach to God and as Von Schlegell argues is â€Å"to correct the view of Sufism as "counter." [to legalistic] "culture." At the same time, as the work under review shows, efforts to de-mystify Sufism, and to portray it at work as but one among many social forces in Islamic history would be going too far in

Prisoners Of War In Japan Ww2 History Essay

Prisoners Of War In Japan Ww2 History Essay The Japanese attack against the United States in Pearl Harbor happened so quickly that most Americans were captured in the opening weeks of World War II. The Japanese captured a total of 140,000 American soldiers and held them in Japanese camps from 1942-1945. These prisoners were treated cruelly and inhumanely by their captors. In fact, more prisoners died in Japanese camps than did in German war camps. To prevent enemy soldiers from returning to their troops, the Japanese held prisoners of war in horrible camps throughout Japan, forced them to work in horrendous conditions, and treated them inhumanely. The living conditions the prisoners had to endure on the way to the camps was truly awful. When transported, the men were crammed into rusty old freighters and spent several nights in these hell ships (The POW Camps). The men on the ships had no room to move, were ill with dysentery and had very little food. Sometimes they were transported from one hell ship to another on their journeys to work camps. The camps were surrounded by barbed wire and closely guarded by Japanese soldiers (Wukovits 37). Prisoners of war slept in crowed barracks on mats (World War Two Japanese) and slept eight to thirteen prisoners to a room (Wukovits 37). Because the living conditions were so bad, the health conditions in the camps were also horrendous. In 1942, the Japanese decided that each prisoner would get fifteen ounces of rice or barley, a few vegetables and sometimes a few bits of meat each day (Wukovits 39). They suffered from starvation, malnutrition, ulcers and cholera (World War Two Japanese). 1-in-3 prisoners died from starvation, work, or diseases (World War Two Japanese). More prisoners died from disease and illness than from torture. The Japanese took no pity on the sick. If they were incapable of doing their assigned task because of their illness, they were made to do other jobs and their allotment of food was cut in half. Many men died because they were starved to death. One structure in each camp was known as the Zero Ward, because men who entered the ward with illness did not leave it alive (Wukovits 63). The prisoners of war were treated as slaves by the Japanese. In May 1942, the Japanese Prime Minister announced a no work- no food policy (Wukovits 39). They were forced to work in mines, fields, shipyards and factories (World War Two Japanese). Prisoners had to build bridges, dig ditches, garden and raise chickens. One of the most famous work assignments was the Burma-Thailand Railroad. Prisoners of war were forced to work side-by-side with Asian laborers to build the 260 mile railroad by hand. They worked from dawn until dusk moving earth and building bridges for 10 days straight (World War Two Japanese). They worked 16- hour days in 50-man teams cutting down trees, building roads and laying ties for the railroad (The POW Camps). Prisoners did not remain in the same areas for long. They were shipped off to various camps throughout Asia. A camp near Changi was the most notorious POW camp where prisoners who did not work were not fed (Trueman). In the beginning, the prisoners of Ch angi were not asked to do much and had plenty of food. However, in Easter of 1942 the Japanese changed their minds and formed work parties providing the men with very little food (Trueman). Many of the prisoners jobs were in conflict with the rules established by the Geneva Convention, but the Japanese did not care (La Forte, Marcello, and Himmel 115). The Japanese believed in Extreme Measures and treated the prisoners of war inhumanely. Japanese soldiers lived under the code of Bushido which involved complete obedience, bravery, honor and ultimate loyalty (Wukovits 14). The worst offense a Japanese soldier could commit was to surrender in battle. By this action he shamed his action and village, and his name would be removed from the towns registry (Wukovits 14). Therefore, American soldiers who surrendered were considered to have dishonored their country and were treated with contempt. Prisoners who tried to escape were killed either in groups or individually (Gevinson). The aim was to not allow a single escape, but to annihilate them all and not leave a single trace (Gevinson). One of the many difficulties the prisoners of war were faced with was the language barrier. The Japanese guards spoke very little English and prisoners were forced to learn Japanese to follow commands (World War Two Japanese). Those who did not follow com mands were beaten (Gevinson). Annelex Hofstra Layson in her memoirs of life in a World War II Japanese prison camp as a little girl said, The soldiers did a lot of arm waving and yellingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When we couldnt understand what they wanted us to do, the guards became angry. Their facial expressions would change, and they would start hitting and shoving people around. Even though no guard ever hurt me, I lived in constant fear that one would (41). Prisoners of war suffered horribly in Japanese camps during World War II. The living conditions were barbaric, because soldiers were forced to live in crowded barracks on mats. They suffered from starvation, diseases and malnutrition not only because of their living conditions, but because they were given very little to eat each day. Prisoners of war were forced to work side by side building a 260-mile railroad in 16 hour days doing hard labor with very little food (World War Two Japanese). Injured and sick prisoners were still made to work, but their food was restricted even more. The Japanese believed in a no work no food policy (Wukovits 39). The working conditions violated the laws of the Geneva Convention. Extreme measures were used by the Japanese with the prisoners of war, because they believed the soldiers were dishonoring their country by surrendering or being captured. The aim of the Japanese was not to allow any prisoners to escape. Their main goal was to eliminate all p risoners and not leave any traces of their existence. The Japanese did not speak any English and the soldiers spoke no Japanese, therefore they had difficulty following the commands and were beaten because of this. In conclusion, during World War II Japanese prisoners of war were held in appalling conditions, forced to work as slaves, and were treated inhumanely to prevent their return to their troops and to punish them for abandoning their country. Prisoners of War in Japan WW2